As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 25, 2009

Registration No. 333-160778

 

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

 

 

 

 

Amendment No. 2
to
Form S-1
REGISTRATION STATEMENT

UNDER

THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

 

 

 

 

ADVENTRX Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 

 

 

 

 

6725 Mesa Ridge Road,

Suite 100,

San Diego, CA 92121

(858) 552-0866

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including

area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)

 

 

 

 

Brian M. Culley

Principal Executive Officer

ADVENTRX Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

6725 Mesa Ridge Road, Suite 100

San Diego, CA 92121

Telephone: (858) 552-0866

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number,

including area code, of agent for service)

 

With a Copy to:

 

 

 

 

 

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public:  As soon as practicable after the effective date of this Registration Statement.

 

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933 check the following box.  o

 

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  o

 

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  o

 

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective statement for the same offering  o

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

 

 

CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE

 

 

 

 

The Registrant hereby amends this Registration Statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this Registration Statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or until the Registration Statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.

 

 

 

 

           shares of 4% Series D Convertible Preferred Stock

Warrants to Purchase up to           shares of Common Stock

           shares of Common Stock Underlying the Convertible Preferred Stock and the Warrants

 

 

 

We are offering up to $10,000,000 of our 4% Series D Convertible Preferred Stock, or           shares based on a stated value of $1,000 per share, and warrants to purchase up to           shares of our common stock. We are also offering           shares of our common stock issuable upon conversion of the convertible preferred stock and exercise of the warrants. The convertible preferred stock and warrants will be sold in units, with each unit consisting of one share of convertible preferred stock and a warrant to purchase up to approximately           shares of our common stock. Subject to certain ownership limitations, the convertible preferred stock is convertible at any time at the option of the holder into shares of our common stock at a conversion ratio determined by dividing the stated value of the convertible preferred stock by a conversion price of $      per share and will accrue a 4% dividend for ten years from the date of issuance. The warrants are exercisable at any time after                    and on or before the     anniversary of their initial exercise date at an exercise price of $      per share of common stock. In the event the convertible preferred stock is converted at any time prior to the date that is ten years after the date of issuance, we will pay the holder of such converted convertible preferred stock an amount equal to the total dividend that would accrue on such convertible preferred stock, less any dividend payments previously made with respect to such shares. Each unit will be sold at a negotiated price of $1,000. Units will not be issued or certificated. The shares of convertible preferred stock and warrants are immediately separable and will be issued separately.

 

We will place an aggregate of     %, or approximately $     , of the gross proceeds in an escrow account, which amounts will be released to make the dividend and other payments due on the convertible preferred stock.

 

Our common stock is listed on the NYSE Amex under the symbol “ANX.” The last reported sale price of our common stock on the NYSE Amex on September 21, 2009 was $0.16 per share. We do not intend to list the convertible preferred stock or warrants on any securities exchange.

 

Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. Before buying any of our securities, you should read the discussion of material risks of investing in our securities stock in “Risk Factors” beginning on page 6.

 

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

 

 

 

 

We have retained Rodman & Renshaw, LLC as our exclusive placement agent to use its reasonable best efforts to solicit offers to purchase our units in this offering. See “Plan of Distribution” for more information regarding these arrangements.

 

The placement agent is not purchasing or selling any units pursuant to this prospectus, nor are we requiring any minimum purchase or sale of any specific number of units. Because there is no minimum offering amount required as a condition to the closing of this offering, the actual public offering price, placement agent’s fees and proceeds to us are not presently determinable and may be substantially less than the maximum amounts set forth above.

 

Delivery of the shares will be made on or about          , 2009.

 

Rodman & Renshaw, LLC

 

You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus and any free writing prospectus prepared by us or on our behalf. We have not authorized anyone to provide you with different or additional information. If anyone provides you with different or additional information, you should not rely on it. We are not making offers to sell, or seeking offers to buy, these securities in any state or other jurisdiction where the offers and sales are not permitted. The information contained in this prospectus is accurate only as of the date hereof, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or of any sale of the securities offered hereby. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since the date of this prospectus.

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

 

Our trademark CoFactor^® is registered in the United States Patent and Trademark Office (in the Supplemental Register) under Registration No. 2,946,934, for use in connection with chemotherapy modulators derived from folic acid. We are developing commercial names for our other product candidates. All other trademarks, service marks or trade names appearing in this prospectus, including but not limited to Navelbine^® and Taxotere^®, are the property of their respective owners. Use or display by us of other parties’ trademarks, service marks, trade names, trade dress or products is not intended to and does not imply a relationship with, or endorsements or sponsorship of, us by the trademark, service mark, trade name, trade dress or product owners. As indicated in this prospectus, we have included market data and industry forecasts that were obtained from industry publications.

 

PROSPECTUS SUMMARY

	•	Reducing the incidence and severity of adverse effects; and
	•	Improving their pharmacoeconomics and convenience to healthcare practitioners and patients.

	•	Seek marketing approval for ANX-530 and ANX-514 in the U.S.  We are applying our operational experience to complete and seek approval of NDAs for ANX-530 and ANX-514 that we intend to submit to the FDA. In August 2009, we announced that, while we continue to evaluate the bioequivalence and preclinical data, we plan to submit an NDA for ANX-530 before the end of 2009. In addition, we are continuing to evaluate the data from our recently-completed bioequivalence study of ANX-514 and plan to seek a meeting with the FDA to discuss the results.

	•	Establish sales and marketing capabilities for ANX-530 and ANX-514 in the U.S.  We intend to gain access to a substantial portion of the U.S. markets for ANX-530 and ANX-514 through a small, specialized sales force targeting distributors, provider networks and group purchasing organizations. For the near-term, we intend to maintain our current cost-efficient and flexible infrastructure by limiting the number of our full-time employees, engaging consultants on a project basis and outsourcing substantially all of our development activities to specialized vendors and contract development organizations. As we near regulatory approval of our product candidates, we plan to establish the infrastructure and relationships necessary to access what we believe will be concentrated markets for ANX-530 and ANX-514. However, we also remain receptive to partnering these product candidates in the U.S. if presented with terms that are sufficiently attractive.
	•	Partner with leading organizations to develop and market ANX-530 and ANX-514 outside the U.S. or globally.  We plan to draw on the development, regulatory and commercial expertise of other companies in instances where we believe our product candidates would benefit from such expertise. For markets in which a large sales force is required to gain access, and for markets outside the U.S. and possibly within the U.S., we plan to commercialize products for which we obtain regulatory approval through a variety of licensing, collaboration and distribution arrangements with other pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. In March 2009, we entered into a license agreement with Shin Poong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. pursuant to which we granted Shin Poong an exclusive license to make use and sell ANX-514 in South Korea.
	•	Pursue additional indications and commercial opportunities for ANX-530 and ANX-514 independently and through collaborations.  We may increase the value of our product candidates by seeking approval for label changes and pursuing other commercial opportunities. For example, we or a future partner may conduct clinical and non-clinical studies that seek to differentiate ANX-530 and ANX-514 from Navelbine and Taxotere, respectively.
	•	Acquire and develop new and improved formulations of currently marketed products.  We may pursue other currently approved products that we believe can be improved, the U.S. markets for which are concentrated and to which we can apply our operational experience.

Securities offered:		• Up to           shares of convertible preferred stock;
		• Up to           shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of the convertible preferred stock;
		• Warrants to purchase up to           shares of common stock; and
		• Up to           shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the warrants.
Common stock to be outstanding after this offering:		124,885,267 shares of common stock, or           shares of common stock if the convertible preferred stock and warrants offered hereby are converted and exercised in full.
Make-Whole Payment:		In the event that the convertible preferred stock is converted at any time prior to          , 2019, we will pay to the holder an amount equal to $      per $1,000 in stated value of the shares of convertible preferred stock converted, less any dividend payments previously made with respect to such shares.
Escrow:		An amount of the gross proceeds of the offering equal to the aggregate potential make-whole payment will be deposited with          , as escrow agent, to be held for a period of 120 months from the date of closing. Amounts in the escrow account will be released to pay dividends and any make-whole payments with respect to convertible preferred stock converted during the escrow period.
Use of proceeds:		We currently intend to use the net proceeds from this offering to fund our operations during the FDA review period of an ANX-530 NDA and to continue development of ANX-514, and for general corporate purposes. Please see “Use of Proceeds” below.
NYSE Amex symbol:		ANX
Risk factors:		Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk and purchasers of our securities may lose their entire investment. See “Risk Factors” below and the other information included elsewhere in this prospectus for a discussion of factors you should carefully consider before deciding to invest in our securities.

	•	5,925,406 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding stock options issued under our equity incentive plans prior to this offering, at a weighted average exercise price of $0.81 per share;
	•	13,767,250 shares of common stock available for future issuance under our 2008 Omnibus Incentive Plan;
	•	20,658,733 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding warrants issued prior to this offering, at a weighted average exercise price of $1.26 per share;
	•	shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of the warrants to be issued to the purchasers in this offering, at an exercise price of $   per share; and
	•	shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants to be issued to the placement agent in connection with this offering, which are not covered by this prospectus, at an exercise price of $      per share (125% of the public offering price, which is the effective acquisition price of the common stock underlying the convertible preferred stock sold in this offering).

		Year Ended				Year Ended
		December 31,				December 31,				Three Months Ended June 30,
		2007				2008				2008				2009
Revenue		$	500,000			$	500,000			$	500,000			$	—
Operating Expenses:
Research and development			15,934,409				17,922,183				4,511,395				1,454,896
Selling, general and administrative			8,678,853				9,719,613				2,635,688				1,071,754
Depreciation and amortization			197,783				168,039				44,116				25,835
Total operating expenses			24,811,045				27,809,835				7,191,199				2,552,485
Loss from operations			(24,311,045	)			(27,309,835	)			(6,691,199	)			(2,552,485	)
Interest and other income (expense)			2,169,005				662,342				265,669				(43,056	)
Net loss			(22,142,040	)			(26,647,493	)			(6,425,530	)			(2,595,541	)
Deemed dividends on preferred stock			—				—				—				(1,232,415	)
Net loss applicable to common stock		$	(22,142,040	)		$	(26,647,493	)		$	(6,425,530	)		$	(3,827,956	)
Net loss per share — basic and diluted		$	(0.25	)		$	(0.30	)		$	(0.07	)		$	(0.04	)
Weighted average shares outstanding — basic and diluted			89,912,732				90,252,572				90,252,572				93,389,302

		As of June 30,
		2009
Cash and cash equivalents		$	5,419,227
Total current assets		$	6,024,057
Total current liabilities		$	3,870,811
Deficit accumulated during the development stage		$	(132,831,425	)
Total stockholders’ equity		$	2,295,819

 

Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risk factors discussed below, together with all the other information contained in this prospectus before deciding whether to purchase any of our securities. Each of the risk factors could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition, as well as adversely affect the value of an investment in our securities, and the occurrence of any of these risks might cause you to lose all or part of your investment.

 

RISKS RELATED TO OUR BUSINESS

 

Risks Related to Our Capital Requirements, Operations and Ability to Continue as a Going Concern

 

We have incurred losses since our inception, we expect our operating expenses to continue to exceed our revenues for the foreseeable future and we may never generate revenues sufficient to achieve profitability.

 

We are a development stage company and have not generated sustainable revenues from operations or been profitable since inception, and it is possible we will never achieve profitability. We have devoted our resources to developing a new generation of therapeutic products, but such products cannot be marketed until the regulatory process is completed and governmental approvals have been obtained. Accordingly, there is no current source of revenues from operations, much less profits, to sustain our present activities, and no revenues from operations will likely be available until, and unless, our product candidates are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, or other regulatory agencies and successfully marketed, either by us or a partner, an outcome which we are not able to guarantee.

 

Our financial resources are limited, we will require substantial additional funding to continue our operations and pursue our business strategy, and, if we are unable to raise sufficient additional capital, we may cease operating as a going concern and seek protection under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code or liquidate our assets.

 

We have experienced significant operating losses in funding the development of our product candidates, accumulating net losses totaling approximately $144.3 million as of June 30, 2009, and we expect to continue to incur substantial operating losses for the foreseeable future, even if we or a future partner of ours is successful in advancing our product candidates to market. As of June 30, 2009, we had approximately $5.4 million in cash and cash equivalents and $2.2 million in working capital, which working capital amount reflects a liability of $1.4 million that was eliminated on July 6, 2009 following the closing of a registered direct equity financing that we completed on July 6, 2009. We do not expect to generate cash flows from sales of our products unless and until our products are approved for marketing, the timing of which we cannot predict accurately. Following the equity financing we completed in June 2009, we re-started the final manufacturing activities related to submitting a New Drug Application, or NDA, for ANX-530 to seek approval of the FDA to market ANX-530 in the United States, or U.S., and intend to continue to evaluate the data from our recently-completed bioequivalence study of ANX-514. We expect to incur substantial costs in connection with activities relating to submitting an NDA for ANX-530 and advancing ANX-530 toward commercialization in the U.S. We may also incur substantial costs in connection with evaluating, negotiating and consummating capital-raising and/or strategic or partnering transactions or liquidating our assets and winding-up our operations. We cannot currently predict the extent of these costs. Even if we incur costs in pursuing, evaluating and negotiating particular capital-raising and/or strategic or partnering transactions, our efforts may not prove successful. Excluding the potentially significant costs associated with evaluating, negotiating and consummating capital-raising and/or strategic or partnering transactions or seeking protection under the provisions of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code or liquidating our assets and winding-up our operations, we anticipate that our cash and cash equivalents as of June 30, 2009, together with the net proceeds from the equity financings we completed on July 6, 2009 and August 10, 2009, will be sufficient to permit us to conduct our business through December 31, 2009. We will need to raise substantial additional capital to continue our business after this period.

Our independent auditor’s report for the year ended December 31, 2008 includes an explanatory paragraph stating that our recurring losses from operations and negative cash flows raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. If we are unable to obtain additional financing or consummate a strategic transaction on commercially reasonable terms, our business, financial condition and results of operations will be materially and adversely affected and we may be unable to continue as a going concern. If we are unable to continue as a going concern, we may have to seek protection under the provisions of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code or liquidate our assets and dissolve our company. In either case, we may receive less than the value at which our assets are carried on our financial statements. Based on our current working capital and estimated costs of implementing an orderly liquidation of our assets, we do not expect that there will be material cash available for distribution to our stockholders.

 

Even following the offering described in this prospectus, we will need substantial additional capital in order to commercialize ANX-530 and to continue to develop ANX-514. Our future expenditures on our programs are subject to many uncertainties, including whether our product candidates will be developed with a partner or independently. Our future capital requirements will depend on, and could increase significantly as a result of, many factors, including:

 

 

If we sell the maximum amount of convertible preferred stock and warrants offered by this prospectus, we estimate that we will have funds to support our operations through 2010. However, we may need or seek additional funding sooner. We may seek additional funding through public or private sales of our equity securities, debt financings, collaborations, licensing arrangements or other strategic transactions. However, we may not be able to obtain sufficient additional funding on satisfactory terms, if at all. We believe global economic conditions, including the recent credit crisis, have adversely impacted our ability to raise additional capital and may continue to do so.

 

In addition, we have been evaluating and continue to evaluate strategic options, including the sale or exclusive license of one or more of our product candidate programs, a strategic business merger and similar transactions. However, to date, discussions with potential strategic transaction partners have been unsuccessful, protracted or on terms that we determined were unacceptable.

 

Our ability to raise capital may be limited by applicable laws and regulations.

 

Although we have an effective “shelf” registration statement on Form S-3 that allows us to raise up to $25 million from the sale of common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants and units, we may not be able to use that registration statement to raise substantial additional capital, if any. Under current SEC regulations, we will not be eligible to use a registration statement on Form S-3 for primary offerings of our common stock or securities convertible into our common stock unless our common stock is listed and registered on a national securities exchange or unless the aggregate market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates reaches

$75 million or more. The NYSE Amex will review the appropriateness of continued listing of any issuer that falls below the exchange’s continued listing standards and may, in its discretion, at any time, and without notice, suspend dealings in, or may remove any security from, listing privileges. The NYSE Amex will normally consider suspending dealings in, or removing from the list, securities of an issuer which has stockholders’ equity of less than $6.0 million if such issuer has sustained losses from continuing operations and/or net losses in its five most recent fiscal years. On June 1, 2009, we received notice from the NYSE Amex staff that, based on their review of our Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2009, we are not in compliance with certain stockholders’ equity continued listing standards. Specifically, the NYSE Amex staff noted that we are not in compliance with Section 1003(a)(ii) of the NYSE Amex Company Guide because we reported stockholders’ equity of less than $4,000,000 and losses from continuing operations and net losses in three of our four most recent fiscal years, or with Section 1003(a)(iii) of the Company Guide because we reported stockholders’ equity of less than $6,000,000 and losses from continuing operations and net losses in our five most recent fiscal years. In addition, the NYSE Amex staff notified us, in accordance with Section 1003(f)(v) of the Company Guide, that it deems it appropriate for us to effect a reverse stock split of our common stock to address our low selling price per share, and that if a reverse stock split is not completed within a reasonable amount of time after June 1, 2009, the NYSE Amex may consider suspending dealings in, or removing from the list, our common stock. See the risk factor below headed, “We are currently not in compliance with NYSE Amex continuing listing standards and are at risk of being delisted from the NYSE Amex equities market,” for additional information regarding the risk of our common stock being delisted from the NYSE Amex. If our common stock were delisted from the NYSE Amex, our ability to raise capital on terms and conditions we deem acceptable, if at all, may be materially impaired. Currently, we do not anticipate being eligible to register and list our common stock on any other national securities exchange.

 

In addition, even if we maintain our listing with the NYSE Amex, under current SEC regulations, at any time during which the aggregate market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates, or public float, is less than $75.0 million (calculated as set forth in Form S-3 and SEC rules and regulations), the amount we can raise through primary offerings of our securities in any twelve-month period using a registration statement on Form S-3 will be limited to an aggregate of one-third of our public float. As of September 21, 2009, our public float was approximately 121 million shares. Based on a market value of $0.20 per share, which was the closing price of our common stock on August 13, 2009, a date within 60 days prior to the date hereof, the aggregate market value of our public float was approximately $24.1 million. The value of one-third of that public float was approximately $8.0 million; however, the market value of all securities sold by us under our Form S-3 registration statement in the past 12 months (including the 653,812 shares of our common stock underlying the 0% Series A Convertible Preferred Stock and the warrants that we issued on June 12, 2009, the 237,605 shares of our common stock underlying the 5% Series B Convertible Preferred Stock that we issued on July 6, 2009 and the 177,308 shares of our common stock underlying the 5% Series C Convertible Preferred Stock that we issued on August 10, 2009) will be subtracted from that amount to determine any future amount we can raise using our Form S-3 registration statement. Alternative means of raising capital through sales of our securities, including through the use of a Form S-1 registration statement, may be more costly and time-consuming.

 

In addition, our ability to timely raise sufficient capital may be limited by the requirements of the NYSE Amex relating to stockholder approval for transactions involving the issuance of our common stock or securities convertible into our common stock. For instance, the NYSE Amex requires that we obtain stockholder approval of any transaction involving the sale, issuance or potential issuance by us of our common stock (or securities convertible into our common stock) at a price less than the greater of book or market value, which (together with sales by our officers, directors and principal stockholders) equals 20% or more of our presently outstanding common stock, unless the transaction is deemed a “public offering” by the NYSE Amex staff. Based on our outstanding common stock as of September 21, 2009 and a closing price of $0.16, which was the closing price of our common stock on September 21, 2009, we could not raise more than approximately $4.0 million without stockholder approval, unless the transaction is deemed a public offering or does not involve the sale, issuance or potential issuance by us of our common stock (or securities convertible into our common stock) at a price less than the greater of book or market value. However, certain prior sales by us may be aggregated to any offering we may propose in the near-term, further limiting the amount we could raise in any future offering that is not deemed a public offering by the NYSE Amex and would involve the sale, issuance or potential issuance by us of our common stock (or securities convertible into our common stock) at a price less than the greater of book or market value.

Obtaining stockholder approval is a costly and time-consuming process. If we are required to obtain stockholder approval, we would expect to spend substantial additional money and resources. In addition, seeking stockholder approval would delay our receipt of otherwise available capital, which may materially and adversely affect our ability to continue as a going concern and there is no guarantee our stockholders would ultimately approve a proposed transaction. A public offering under the NYSE Amex rules typically involves broadly announcing the proposed transaction, which often times has the effect of depressing the issuer’s stock price. Accordingly, the price at which we could sell our securities in a public offering may be less and the dilution existing stockholders experience may in turn be greater than if we were able to raise capital through other means.

 

Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our existing stockholders, require us to relinquish proprietary rights or restrict our operations.

 

We may raise additional capital at any time and may do so through one or more financing alternatives, including public or private sales of our equity securities, debt financings, collaborations, licensing arrangements or other strategic transactions. Each of these financing alternatives carries certain risks. Raising capital through the issuance of common stock may depress the market price of our stock and may substantially dilute our existing stockholders. If we instead seek to raise capital through strategic transactions, such as licensing arrangements or sales of one or more of our technologies or product candidates, we may be required to relinquish valuable rights. For example, any licensing arrangement would likely require us to share a significant portion of any revenues generated by our licensed technologies with our licensees. Additionally, the development of any product candidates licensed or sold to third parties will no longer be in our control and thus we may not realize the full value of any such product candidates. Debt financings could involve covenants that restrict our operations. These restrictive covenants may include limitations on additional borrowing and specific restrictions on the use of our assets, as well as prohibitions on our ability to create liens or make investments and may, among other things, preclude us from making distributions to stockholders (either by paying dividends or redeeming stock) and taking other actions beneficial to our stockholders. In addition, investors could impose more one-sided investment terms and conditions on companies that have or are perceived to have limited remaining funds or limited ability to raise additional funds. As we continue to use our cash and cash equivalents to fund our operations, it will likely become increasingly difficult to raise additional capital on commercially reasonable terms, or at all.

 

If we are unable to raise sufficient additional capital, we may be forced to reduce or abandon on-going and/or planned development and commercialization activities, partner our product candidates or products at inopportune times or pursue less-expensive but higher-risk development paths, which we have done in the past.

 

Even following the offering described in this prospectus, we will need substantial additional capital in order to commercialize ANX-530 and to continue to develop ANX-514. If we are not able to raise adequate funds to continue our operations at levels we believe would enable us to capitalize on our assets, we may have to abandon some or all of them or attempt to continue our development and commercialization efforts by entering into arrangements with partners or others that, if available at all, may not be on favorable terms and may require us to relinquish some or all of our rights to our product candidates or the financial benefits thereof, or we may determine to liquidate our assets and may receive less than the value at which our assets are carried on our financial statements.

 

To conserve funds, we may pursue less expensive but higher-risk development paths. For instance, in the past, we limited our ANX-530 manufacturing activities to the minimum we felt was sufficient to support our development and commercialization goals, in particular, with respect to ANX-530. While we successfully completed certain key manufacturing activities with respect to ANX-530, without extensive manufacturing experience, we may lack the information necessary to increase the scale of our existing processes and may be unable to manufacture successfully at commercial-scale. If we are unable to scale our manufacturing processes, we may be unable to effectively commercialize our products, if approved.

If we are unable to raise sufficient additional capital, we may seek to merge with or be acquired by another company and that transaction may adversely affect our business and the value of our securities.

 

If we are unable to raise sufficient additional capital, we may seek to merge with another company with a stronger cash position, complementary work force or product candidate portfolio or for other reasons. We believe the market price for our common stock may not accurately reflect the value of our business. While we will continue to seek to maximize the value of our business to our stockholders, the most attractive option for doing so may require us to consummate a transaction involving an exchange of our common stock with that of another company.

 

There are numerous risks associated with merging or being acquired. These risks include, among others, incorrectly assessing the quality of a prospective acquirer or merger-partner, encountering greater than anticipated costs in integrating businesses, facing resistance from employees and being unable to profitably deploy the assets of the new entity. The operations, financial condition, and prospects of the post-transaction entity depend in part on our and our acquirer/merger-partner’s ability to successfully integrate the operations related to our product candidates, business and technologies. We may be unable to integrate operations successfully or to achieve expected cost savings and any cost savings which are realized may be offset by losses in revenues or other charges to operations. As a result, our stockholders may not realize the full value of their investment.

 

If we fail to maintain registration of the shares of common stock issued or issuable pursuant to the exercise of warrants we issued in our July 2005 private placement, we will be required to pay the holders of those securities liquidated damages, which could be material in amount.

 

The terms of the securities purchase agreement that we entered into in connection with our July 2005 private placement require us to pay liquidated damages to the purchasers of those securities in the event any shares issued or issuable pursuant to the exercise of warrants we issued in the private placement cannot be resold pursuant to our registration statement on Form S-3 (No. 333-127857) filed with and declared effective by the SEC on September 2, 2005. We refer to this as a maintenance failure. For each 30-day period or portion thereof during which a maintenance failure remains uncured, we are obligated to pay each purchaser an amount in cash equal to 1% of the purchaser’s aggregate purchase price for any shares of common stock or shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants then held by the purchaser (pro rated for any period less than a month), increasing by an additional 1% with regard to each additional 30-day period or portion thereof until the maintenance failure is cured. There is no cap with respect to the total amount of these liquidated damages. The aggregate gross proceeds from our July 2005 private placement were approximately $20 million. We are required to maintain the registration statement until the earlier of the date (i) all of the securities issued in our July 2005 private placement have been resold and (ii) each purchaser can resell the securities pursuant to Rule 144 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, without regard to the adequate current public information, volume, manner of sale or notice filing restrictions. The amount of these liquidated damages could be substantial and could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.

 

For additional information, see Note 11 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, “Registration Payment Arrangement,” of our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008.

 

We may be unable to retain the services of key personnel, and, even if we are successful in raising additional funds, we may not be successful in rebuilding our workforce to carry out the development and commercialization activities necessary for our product candidates.

 

We have only two full-time employees and we depend on the services of these employees to continue our business. We do not have a chief executive officer or chief financial officer. Our Chief Business Officer and Senior Vice President currently is acting as our principal executive officer and our General Counsel, Secretary and Vice President, Legal currently is acting as our principal financial and accounting officer. To the extent we are successful in raising additional funds to continue to advance our product candidates, we will need to expand our financial, regulatory, manufacturing, commercial, quality, compliance and other resources in order to manage our operations, submit applications to and respond to inquiries from the FDA, commercialize ANX-530, should it be approved, and continue the development of ANX-514. We do not expect that our current management and personnel, systems and facilities will be adequate to support these activities.

The success of our business will depend, in part, on our ability to attract and retain highly qualified management, scientific and other personnel, and on our ability to develop and maintain important relationships with respected service providers and industry-leading consultants and advisors. Competition for these types of personnel and relationships is intense from numerous pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, universities and other research institutions, particularly in the San Diego, California area. In connection with the cost-cutting measures we implemented in October 2008, January 2009 and March 2009, we eliminated, among others, our scientific staff and our manufacturing and regulatory personnel, who had a deep background in our product candidates and our research and development programs. Recruiting and retaining employees, including senior-level personnel, with relevant product development experience in cancer and process development experience with emulsified cytotoxic drugs may be costly and time-consuming. Depending on the net proceeds to us from the offering described in this prospectus, our ability to provide competitive compensation to our officers and employees may also be adversely affected by our limited capital resources and anticipated need to raise substantial additional capital to continue our business. We cannot ensure that we will be able to retain existing employees or attract and retain additional skilled personnel on acceptable terms as a result of these factors and, accordingly, we may not achieve our development and commercialization goals.

 

We have significant incentive and may, under certain circumstances, have significant severance and other obligations under agreements with our current officers.

 

In July 2009, we adopted a 2009 mid-year incentive plan and a retention and severance plan, both of which apply to Mr. Culley and Mr. Keran, our two remaining employees. Under the incentive plan, each of Mr. Culley and Mr. Keran are eligible for incentive awards based upon the achievement of corporate performance objectives in effect at the end of 2009. Awards generally will be paid in cash. The potential award of each of Mr. Culley and Mr. Keran will be based 100% on our achievement of corporate objectives and the target award amount for each of them is $150,000. The target amount of each award may be increased or decreased by multiplying the target amount by a corporate performance multiplier, as will be determined by the compensation committee of our board of directors in the first quarter of 2010. Award multipliers will range from zero to 1.5. Payment of awards under the incentive plan will be made after December 31, 2009 and on or before March 14, 2010. Under the retention plan, if the employment of either of our two remaining employees terminates at any time as a result of an involuntary termination, and such employee delivers and does not revoke a general release of claims, which will also confirm any post-termination obligations and/or restrictions applicable to such employee, such employee will be entitled to an amount equal to twelve (12) months of such employee’s then-current base salary, less applicable withholdings, and an amount equal to the estimated cost of continuing such employee’s health care coverage and the coverage of such employee’s dependents who are covered at the time of the involuntary termination under the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985, as amended, for a period equal to twelve (12) months. These severance benefits will be paid in a lump-sum on the date the general release of claims becomes effective. Our aggregate contractual obligation under the retention plan, including applicable payroll and employer taxes, is approximately $650,000.

 

We believe these plans are necessary to incentivize and retain these key employees and reinforce their dedication to us during a period when they would otherwise likely seek alternative employment. Our contractual responsibility for our current and any future incentive and/or severance obligations may cause us to cease or curtail our operations at an earlier date than would otherwise be the case if we were not required to satisfy these obligations. In addition, part or all of the proceeds from a future capital raising transaction may be used to satisfy these obligations.

 

The use of our net operating loss carryforwards may be limited.

 

Net operating loss carryforwards may expire and not be used. As of December 31, 2008, we had generated federal net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $90.4 million and state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $41.4 million. Federal net operating loss carryforwards have a 20-year carryforward period and begin to expire in 2020. State net operating loss carryforwards have a ten year carry forward period and begin to expire in 2012.

Pursuant to Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code, annual use of our net operating loss carryforwards may be limited in the event a cumulative change in ownership of more than 50 percent occurs within a three-year period. We determined that, as of January 1, 2009, no such ownership change had occurred. However, recent and potential future financing events, including this offering, may cause changes in ownership under Section 382, which could cause our net operating loss carryforwards to be subject to limitations and restrictions. If a change in ownership were to occur, our net operating loss carryforwards could be eliminated or restricted. Inability to fully utilize our net operating loss carryforwards could have an adverse impact on our financial position and results of operations.

 

If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results. As a result, current and potential investors could lose confidence in our financial reporting, which could harm our business and have an adverse effect on our stock price.

 

Pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, we are required to annually furnish a report by our management on our internal control over financial reporting. Such report must contain, among other matters, an assessment by our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, including a statement as to whether or not our internal control over financial reporting is effective as of the end of our fiscal year. This assessment must include disclosure of any material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting identified by management. In addition, under current SEC rules, we will be required to obtain an attestation from our independent registered public accounting firm as to our internal control over financial reporting for our annual report on Form 10-K for our fiscal year ending December 31, 2009. Performing the system and process documentation and evaluation needed to comply with Section 404 is both costly and challenging. We have in the past discovered, and may in the future discover, areas of internal controls that need improvement. For example, during the fourth quarter of 2008, we discovered that we did not correctly apply generally accepted accounting principles as they related to accounting for warrant liability because our accounting staff did not have adequate training or expertise, and determined that we had a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2007. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. For a detailed description of this material weakness and our remediation of this material weakness, see “Part II — Item 9A(T) — Controls and Procedures” of our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008. If additional material weaknesses are identified in our internal control over financial reporting, neither our management nor our independent registered public accounting firm will be able to assert that our internal control over financial reporting and/or our disclosure controls and procedures are effective, and we could be required to further implement expensive and time-consuming remedial measures. We cannot be certain that any measures we take will ensure that we implement and maintain adequate internal control over financial reporting and that we will remediate the material weakness. As a result of recent reductions in our workforce and other personnel departures, we have experienced substantial turnover in our personnel responsible for performing activities related to our internal control over financial reporting. We have used third-party contractors to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting during this turn-over. However, if we fail to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting and/or disclosure controls and procedures we could lose investor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, which could have a material adverse effect on our stock price.

 

Our operations might be interrupted by the occurrence of a natural disaster or other catastrophic event.

 

Our corporate headquarters are located at a single business park in San Diego, California. Important documents and records, including copies of our regulatory documents and other records for our product candidates, are located at our facilities and we depend on our facilities for the continued operation of our business. Natural disasters and other catastrophic events, such as wildfires and other fires, earthquakes and extended power interruptions, which have impacted San Diego businesses in the past, and terrorist attacks, drought or flood, could significantly disrupt our operations and result in additional, unplanned expense. As a small company, we have limited capability to establish and maintain a comprehensive disaster recovery program and, accordingly, we do not have a formal business continuity or disaster recovery plan, and any natural disaster or catastrophic event could delay our development and commercialization efforts. Even though we believe we carry commercially reasonable

insurance, we might suffer losses that exceed the coverage available under these insurance policies. In addition, we are not insured against terrorist attacks or earthquakes.

 

Risks Related to Drug Development and Commercialization

 

Further testing of and/or validation of manufacturing processes with respect to our product candidates is required and regulatory approval may be delayed or denied, which would limit or prevent us from marketing our product candidates and significantly impair our ability to generate revenues.

 

Human pharmaceutical products generally are subject to rigorous preclinical testing and clinical trials and other approval procedures mandated by the FDA and foreign regulatory authorities. Various federal and foreign statutes and regulations also govern or influence the manufacturing, safety, labeling, storage, record keeping and marketing of pharmaceutical products. The process of obtaining these approvals and the subsequent compliance with appropriate U.S. and foreign statutes and regulations is time-consuming and requires the expenditure of substantial resources. In addition, these requirements and processes vary widely from country to country.

 

To varying degrees based on the regulatory plan for each product candidate, the effect of government regulation and the need for FDA and other regulatory agency approval will delay commercialization of our product candidates, impose costly procedures upon our activities, and put us at a disadvantage relative to larger companies with which we compete. There can be no assurance that FDA or other regulatory approval for any product candidates developed by us will be granted on a timely basis, or at all. Even though the FDA has confirmed the appropriateness of a Section 505(b)(2) regulatory path for ANX-530 and ANX-514, the FDA’s views may change. If the FDA requires the longer-term regulatory approval pathway associated with traditional drug development for ANX-530 and ANX-514, we may determine that the associated time and cost is not financially justifiable and, as a result, discontinue those programs. If we discontinue the development of one or both of these product candidates, our business and stock price may suffer.

 

In connection with any NDA that we file under Section 505(b)(2) of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, or FDCA, we may be required to notify third parties that we have certified to the FDA that any patents listed for the approved drug in the FDA’s Orange Book publication are invalid or will not be infringed by the manufacture, use or sale of our drug. If the third-party files a patent infringement lawsuit against us within 45 days of its receipt of notice of our certification, the FDA is automatically prevented from approving our NDA until, subject to certain adjustments, the earliest of 30 months, expiration of the patent, settlement of the lawsuit or a decision in the infringement case that is favorable to us. Accordingly, we may invest significant time and expense in the development of our product candidates, including ANX-530 and ANX-514, only to be subject to significant delay and patent litigation before our products may be commercialized.

 

We may not achieve our projected development and commercialization goals in the time frames we announce. Delays in the commencement or completion of pre/non-clinical testing, bioequivalence or clinical trials or manufacturing, regulatory or launch activities could result in increased costs to us and delay or limit our ability to generate revenues.

 

We set goals for and make public statements regarding our estimates of the timing of the accomplishment of objectives material to successful development and commercialization of our product candidates. The actual timing of these events can vary dramatically due to any number of factors, including delays or failures in our pre/non-clinical testing, bioequivalence and clinical trials and manufacturing, regulatory and launch activities and the uncertainties inherent in the regulatory approval process. While our regulatory strategy for ANX-530 and ANX-514 has been to demonstrate the pharmacokinetic equivalence of each to the currently approved reference product in small, bioequivalence trials in humans, we may determine to conduct clinical studies to support uses in new indications or other label changes or for other reasons.

We conduct pre/non-clinical activities in the course of our development programs, including in connection with the manufacture of our product candidates, and in response to requests by regulatory authorities, as well as for other reasons. Delays in our pre/non-clinical activities could occur for a number of reasons, including:

 

 

In addition, we do not know whether planned bioequivalence or clinical trials will commence on time or be completed on schedule, if at all. The commencement and completion of trials can be delayed for a variety of reasons, including delays related to:

 

 

For example, in October 2007, we announced results of our phase 2b clinical trial of ANX-510, or CoFactor, for the first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer, which demonstrated that the CoFactor/5-FU arm did not demonstrate statistically significant improved safety in the trial’s primary endpoint. In November 2007, we announced that we would discontinue enrolling patients in our phase 3 clinical trial of CoFactor for the first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer and, in October 2008, we announced that we had discontinued active work on all product candidates other than ANX-530 and ANX-514, including CoFactor. In addition, in May 2009, we announced that we did not meet the primary endpoint in our bioequivalence study of ANX-514, resulting in additional uncertainty around the cost and timeline to obtaining FDA approval for that product candidate.

 

In addition, a trial may be suspended or terminated by us, the FDA or other regulatory authorities due to a number of factors, including:

 

 

 

Additionally, changes in regulatory requirements and guidance relating to clinical trials may occur and we may need to amend clinical trial protocols to reflect these changes. Amendments may require us to resubmit our clinical trial protocols to IRBs for reexamination or renegotiate terms with CROs, trial sites and clinical investigators, all of which may impact the costs, timing or successful completion of a clinical trial.

 

There can be no assurance that our preclinical and nonclinical testing and bioequivalence and/or clinical trials will commence or be completed, that we will make regulatory submissions or receive regulatory approvals as planned or that we will be able to adhere to our current schedule for the development or commercialization of any of our product candidates. If we experience delays in completion of, or if we terminate, our bioequivalence or clinical trials or preclinical and nonclinical testing, the commercial prospects for our product candidates will be harmed, and our ability to generate product revenues will be delayed. In addition, many of the factors that cause, or lead to, a delay in the commencement or completion of bioequivalence or clinical trials or preclinical and nonclinical testing may also ultimately lead to the denial of regulatory approval of a product candidate. Even if we are able to ultimately commercialize our product candidates, other therapies for the same indications may have been introduced to the market and established a competitive advantage.

 

Positive results in our preclinical testing and/or bioequivalence trials do not ensure that future bioequivalence or clinical trials will be successful or that our product candidates will receive the regulatory approvals necessary for their commercialization.

 

Before obtaining regulatory approvals for the commercial sale of any of our product candidates, we must demonstrate through preclinical testing and bioequivalence or clinical trials that each product is safe and effective for use in each target indication. Success in preclinical testing and/or bioequivalence trials does not ensure that subsequent or large-scale trials will be successful. Additionally, throughout development, we must provide adequate assurance to the FDA and other regulatory authorities that we can consistently produce our product candidates in conformance with current good manufacturing practices, or cGMP, and other regulatory standards. Bioequivalence and clinical trial results are frequently susceptible to varying interpretations and regulatory authorities may disagree on what are appropriate methods for analyzing data, which may delay, limit or prevent regulatory approvals. For instance, with respect to our bioequivalence trial of ANX-530, the FDA may perform its pharmacokinetic equivalence analysis based on a patient population other than the population on which we based our analysis, which may result in the FDA determining that ANX-530 and Navelbine are not bioequivalent, requiring that we evaluate additional patients, re-perform the study or take other remedial action. In addition, the FDA may inquire regarding the manufacturing source, in-process and product release specifications and overall uniformity of reference product used in the bioequivalence trial of ANX-530, particularly since it was conducted at sites in multiple countries, and we may be unable to provide documentation satisfactory to the FDA with respect to such reference product, which may result in the FDA requiring that we evaluate additional patients, re-perform the study or take other remedial measures. Further, the ANX-530 bioequivalence trial was open-label, meaning physician-investigators, as well as patients, may have been aware of which drug was being administered. There is a risk of investigator bias in reporting adverse events as a result of the study’s open-label nature, including bias that increased the reporting of adverse events associated with Navelbine and/or that decreased the reporting of adverse events associated with ANX-530. With respect to ANX-514, despite positive preclinical testing that indicated pharmacokinetic equivalence between ANX-514 and the reference product, our bioequivalence trial of ANX-514 did not demonstrate pharmacokinetic equivalence between ANX-514 and the reference product based on benchmark regulatory standards.

 

The length of time necessary to complete bioequivalence or clinical trials and manufacturing development work and to submit an application for marketing approval for a final decision by a regulatory authority varies significantly and may be difficult to predict. In addition, delays or rejections may be encountered based upon changes in FDA policy for drug approval during the period of product development and FDA regulatory review of each submitted NDA. There is a significant risk that any of our product candidates could fail to show satisfactory results in human trials, as was the case in our bioequivalence study of ANX-514, or manufacturing development,

and, as a result, we may not continue their development. A failure to obtain requisite regulatory approvals or to obtain approvals of the scope requested will delay or preclude us from marketing our products or limit the commercial use of the products, and would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 

If any of our product candidates for which we receive regulatory approval do not achieve broad market acceptance (including as a result of failing to differentiate our products from competitor products or as a result of failing to obtain reimbursement rates for our products that are competitive from the healthcare provider’s perspective), the revenues we generate from their sales will be limited and our business may not be profitable.

 

Our success will depend in substantial part on the extent to which our products for which we obtain marketing approval from the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities are accepted by the medical community and reimbursed by third-party payors, including government payors. The degree of market acceptance will depend upon a number of factors, including, among other things:

 

 

We cannot predict whether physicians, patients, healthcare insurers or maintenance organizations, or the medical community in general, will accept or utilize any of our products. If our products are approved but do not achieve an adequate level of acceptance by these parties, we may not generate sufficient revenues from these products to become or remain profitable. In addition, our efforts to educate the medical community and third-party payors regarding the benefits of our products may require significant resources and may never be successful.

 

Under our Section 505(b)(2) regulatory strategy for ANX-530 and ANX-514, because we anticipate submitting NDAs based on pharmacokinetic data, our ability to differentiate our products from competitor products will be limited unless the FDA allows us to include certain data in our products’ labels. Even if our products demonstrate clinical or pharmacoeconomic benefits, we may be unable to market our products based on these benefits.

 

If we fail to obtain a unique Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System, or HCPCS, product code for ANX-530, it is unlikely we will be able to sell that product at a price that exceeds its manufacturing, marketing and distribution costs. Even if we obtain separate HCPCS codes for our products, if our products are perceived to provide little or no advantage relative to competitive products or for other reasons, we may be required to price our products at levels that do not cover our costs to manufacture, market and distribute the products or provide any profit, or to price our products at levels at which they are not competitive.

We do not have manufacturing capabilities and are dependent on single source manufacturers and suppliers for certain of our product candidates and their component materials, and the loss of any of these manufacturers or suppliers, or their failure to provide us with an adequate supply of products or component materials on commercially acceptable terms, or at all, could harm our business.

 

We do not have any manufacturing capability. We rely on third-party manufacturers and component materials suppliers for the manufacture of our product candidates for bioequivalence or clinical trial purposes and we anticipate establishing relationships with third-party manufacturers and component materials suppliers for the commercial production of our products. Currently we do not have any commercial supply agreements or commitments with our third-party manufacturers or component suppliers, and we cannot ensure that we will be able to establish relationships with these parties on commercially acceptable terms, or at all. If we fail to establish and maintain such relationships, we expect it would have a material and adverse effect on our operations. Even if we successfully establish relationships with third-party manufacturers and component suppliers on commercially acceptable terms, our manufacturers and suppliers may not perform as agreed or may terminate their agreements with us. Because many of our single source suppliers provide manufacturing services to a number of other pharmaceutical companies, our suppliers may experience capacity constraints or choose to prioritize one or more of their other customers over us. Any significant problem that our single source manufacturers or suppliers experience could delay or interrupt the supply to us of bioequivalence or clinical trial materials or products until the manufacturer or supplier cures the problem or until we locate an alternative source of supply, if an alternative source is available, and any such delay or interruption could materially and adversely affect our development and commercial activities and operations.

 

For instance, ANX-530 is an emulsified cytotoxic product that must be aseptically-filled. There are a limited number of CMOs capable and willing to manufacture this type of product at the commercial scale at which we anticipate requiring in accordance with our marketing plans for ANX-530, which will make identifying and establishing short- or long-term relationships with willing manufacturers more difficult and provide them with substantial leverage over us in any negotiations. Furthermore, certain of the component materials of ANX-530 are available only from a particular supplier, and currently we do not have any short- or long-term agreements for the supply of those materials.

 

Even if we successfully establish a long-term relationship with our current CMO for ANX-530 on commercially acceptable terms, our CMO may be unable to successfully and consistently manufacture ANX-530 at commercial scale. We and this manufacturer have limited experience manufacturing ANX-530. Because data from a single bioequivalence trial of ANX-530 may be sufficient to support an NDA for ANX-530, our and our current contract manufacturer’s ability to gain experience manufacturing ANX-530, in particular at various scales, has been limited. If our current CMO is unable to manufacture ANX-530 successfully and consistently at commercial scale and within established parameters, we may be unable to validate our manufacturing process, even if the FDA otherwise would approve our NDA, and therefore unable to sell ANX-530. Our current CMO has similarly limited experience with ANX-514.

 

All manufacturers of our products and product candidates must comply with cGMP requirements enforced by the FDA through its facilities inspection program, as well as applicable requirements of foreign regulatory authorities. These requirements include quality control, quality assurance and the maintenance of records and documentation. Manufacturers of our products and product candidates may be unable to comply with these cGMP requirements and with other FDA, state and foreign regulatory requirements. While we or our representatives generally monitor and audit our manufacturer’s systems, we have little control over our manufacturers’ ongoing compliance with these regulations and standards. A failure to comply with these requirements may result in fines and civil penalties, suspension of production, suspension or delay in product approval, product seizure or recall, or withdrawal of product approval.

 

Furthermore, the manufacture of pharmaceutical products requires significant expertise and capital investment, including the development of advanced manufacturing techniques and process controls. Manufacturers of pharmaceutical products often encounter difficulties in production, particularly in scaling up initial production. These problems include difficulties with production costs and yields, quality control, including stability of the product candidate and quality assurance testing and shortages of qualified personnel.

If our manufacturers were to encounter any of these difficulties or otherwise fail to comply with their contractual obligations, our ability to provide product candidates to patients in our future bioequivalence or clinical trials may be jeopardized. Any delay or interruption in the supply of supplies could delay the completion of our future trials, increase the costs associated with maintaining our development programs and, depending upon the period of delay, require us to commence new trials at significant additional expense or terminate the trials completely. We cannot ensure that manufacturing or quality control problems will not arise in connection with the manufacture of our products or product candidates, or that third-party manufacturers will be able to maintain the necessary governmental licenses and approvals to continue manufacturing such products or product candidates. Any of the above factors could cause us to delay or suspend anticipated or on-going trials, regulatory submissions, required approvals or commercialization of our product candidates, entail higher costs or result in our being unable to effectively commercialize our products. Our dependence upon third parties for the manufacture of our products and product candidates may adversely affect our future costs and our ability to develop and commercialize our products and product candidates on a timely and competitive basis.

 

If any of our product candidates should be approved, any problems or delays experienced in their manufacturing processes may impair our ability to provide commercial quantities of the products, which would limit our ability to sell the products and would adversely affect our business. It could take significant time to redesign our manufacturing processes or identify alternative suppliers in response to problems we may encounter as we manufacture our products, if such alternative processes and suppliers are available at all. Even if we are able to identify alternative suppliers, they may be unwilling to manufacture our products on commercially reasonable terms. Neither ANX-530 nor ANX-514 have been manufactured at the scales we believe will be necessary to maximize their commercial value to us and, accordingly, we may encounter difficulties in production while scaling-up initial production and may not be successful at all in scaling-up initial production.

 

Any new supplier of products or component materials, including API, would be required to qualify under applicable regulatory requirements and would need to have sufficient rights under applicable intellectual property laws to the method of manufacturing such products or ingredients. The FDA may require us to conduct additional bioequivalence or clinical trials, collect stability data and provide additional information concerning any new supplier, or change in a validated manufacturing process, before we could distribute products from that supplier or revised process. Obtaining the necessary FDA approvals or other qualifications under applicable regulatory requirements and ensuring non-infringement of third-party intellectual property rights could result in a significant interruption of supply and could require the new supplier to bear significant additional costs which may be passed on to us. For instance, with respect to ANX-530, the form of API used in the manufacture of ANX-530 for purposes of our bioequivalence study of ANX-530 will not be the same form of API used in the manufacture of ANX-530 for purposes of process validation batches or commercial supply. To ensure the comparability of the ANX-530 used in the bioequivalence study and the ANX-530 intended for commercial sale, FDA may require that we evaluate both forms of ANX-530 in additional patients, re-perform the bioequivalence study or take other remedial actions. We may have insufficient quantities of both forms of ANX-530 and could incur substantial cost and delay in acquiring such quantities, in addition to the time and expense associated with conducting the evaluation, re-performing the study or taking other remedial measures.

 

We rely in part on third parties to conduct our preclinical and nonclinical testing and bioequivalence and clinical studies and other aspects of our development programs and if those third parties do not satisfactorily perform their contractual obligations or meet anticipated deadlines, the development of our product candidates could be adversely affected.

 

We do not employ personnel or possess the facilities necessary to conduct the activities associated with our programs, particularly since we implemented severe cost-cutting measures in late 2008 and early 2009. We engage consultants, advisors, CROs, CMOs and others to design and conduct preclinical and nonclinical tests and bioequivalence and clinical studies in connection with the research and development of our product candidates. As a result, many important aspects of our product candidates’ development are outside our direct control. There can be no assurance that such third parties will perform all of their obligations under arrangements with us or will perform those obligations satisfactorily.

The CROs with which we contract for execution of our bioequivalence and clinical studies play a significant role in the conduct of the studies and subsequent collection and analysis of data, and we will likely depend on these and other CROs and clinical investigators to conduct our future bioequivalence or clinical or studies or assist with our analysis of completed bioequivalence studies. Individuals working at the CROs with which we contract, as well as investigators at the sites at which our studies are conducted, are not our employees, and we cannot control the amount or timing of resources that they devote to our programs. If these CROs fail to devote sufficient time and resources to our studies, or if their performance is substandard, it will delay the approval of our applications to regulatory agencies and the introduction of our products. Failure of these CROs to meet their obligations could adversely affect development of our product candidates. Moreover, these CROs may have relationships with other commercial entities, some of which may compete with us. If they assist our competitors at our expense, it could harm our competitive position.

 

For instance, we lack the internal capabilities to fully analyze the data from our bioequivalence study of ANX-514 and will rely on multiple third-party consultants to help us interpret and understand the data. Because of the impact different analyses of the data may have on our business, we believe an employee likely would approach the data and analysis in a substantially more rigorous, thoughtful and creative manner than a consultant or contractor.

 

We currently have no sales or marketing capability and our failure to develop these and related capabilities internally or contract with third parties to perform these activities successfully could delay and/or limit our ability to generate revenues in the event one or more of our product candidates obtains regulatory approval.

 

We currently do not have sales, marketing or commercialization personnel. We have limited business development personnel. To commercialize our products, including ANX-530, we will have to acquire or develop sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, or rely on marketing partners or other arrangements with third parties for the marketing, distribution and sale of our products. There is no guarantee that we will be able to establish marketing, distribution or sales capabilities or make arrangements with third parties to perform those activities on terms satisfactory to us, or that any internal capabilities or third party arrangements will be cost-effective. The acquisition or development of a sales and distribution and associated regulatory compliance infrastructure will require substantial resources, which may divert the attention of our management and key personnel and negatively impact our product development efforts.

 

In addition, any third parties with which we establish marketing, distribution or sales arrangements may have significant control over important aspects of the commercialization of our products, including market identification, marketing methods, pricing, composition of sales force and promotional activities. If we retain third-party service providers to perform functions related to the sale and distribution of our products, key aspects of those functions that would be out of our direct control could include warehousing and inventory management, distribution, contract administration and chargeback processing, accounts receivable management and call center management. In this event, we would place substantial reliance on third-party providers to perform services for us, including entrusting our inventories of products to their care and handling. If these third-party service providers fail to comply with applicable laws and regulations, fail to meet expected deadlines, or otherwise do not carry out their contractual duties to us, or encounter natural or other disasters at their facilitates, our ability to deliver product to meet commercial demand could be significantly impaired. In addition, we may use third parties to perform various other services for us relating to sample accountability and regulatory monitoring, including adverse event reporting, safety database management and other product maintenance services. If the quality or accuracy of the data maintained by these service providers is insufficient, our ability to continue to market our products could be jeopardized or we could be subject to regulatory sanctions. We do not currently have the internal capacity to perform these important commercial functions, and we may not be able to maintain commercial arrangements for these services on reasonable terms, or at all. Even if we are successful in establishing and maintaining these arrangement, there can be no assurance that we will be able to control the amount and timing of resources that any third party may devote to our products or prevent any third party from pursuing alternative technologies or products that could result in the development of products that compete with, or the withdrawal of support for, our products.

If we receive regulatory approval for one or more of our product candidates, we may face competition from generic products, which could exert downward pressure on the pricing and market share of our products and limit our ability to generate revenues.

 

Many of the currently marketed and anticipated products against which our product candidates may compete are, or we anticipate will be, available as generics. For instance, ANX-530 will compete against Navelbine, for which generic equivalents are already available. ANX-514 will compete against Taxotere. We anticipate that ANX-514 will also compete against other formulations of docetaxel and that generic Taxotere will enter the market in November 2013 or May 2014 (depending on whether a period of pediatric exclusivity is granted in the future). Even if we obtain unique HCPCS codes for our products, the existence of generic products could make it more difficult for our branded products, including ANX-530 and ANX-514, to gain or maintain market share and could cause prices for our products to drop, each of which could adversely affect our business.

 

We may also face competition for our products from lower priced products from foreign countries that have placed price controls on pharmaceutical products. Proposed federal legislative changes may expand consumers’ ability to import lower priced versions of our and competing products from Canada. Further, several states and local governments have implemented importation schemes for their citizens, and, in the absence of federal action to curtail such activities, we expect other states and local governments to launch importation efforts. The importation of foreign products that compete with our own products could negatively impact our business and prospects.

 

Even if we receive regulatory approval in the U.S. for ANX-530 and/or ANX-514, we will likely depend on a limited number of group purchasing organizations for retail distribution of these products, and if we subsequently lose any significant GPO relationship, our business could be harmed.

 

Our current U.S. commercialization strategy for our lead emulsion formulations initially involves marketing and selling these products through a limited number of GPOs. Even if we are successful in securing relationships with these entities, the subsequent loss of any one or more of these GPO accounts or a material reduction in their participation could harm our business, financial condition or results of operations. In addition, we may face pricing pressure from these GPOs.

 

Even if we receive regulatory approval for one or more of our product candidates, they may still face future development and regulatory difficulties that could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and cause our stock price to decline.

 

Even if initial regulatory approval is obtained, the FDA or a foreign regulatory agency may still impose significant restrictions on a product’s indicated uses or marketing or impose ongoing requirements for potentially costly post-approval studies or marketing surveillance programs. Our product candidates will also be subject to ongoing FDA requirements related to the labeling, packaging, storage, advertising, promotion, record-keeping and submission of safety and other post-market information on the product. For instance, in September 2007, amendments to the FDCA were signed into law. These amendments significantly strengthen the FDA’s regulatory authority over drugs, including new controls over the post-approval monitoring of drugs. The FDA may now require changes to approved drug labels, require post-approval clinical trials and impose distribution and use restrictions on certain drugs. In addition, approved products, manufacturers and manufacturers’ facilities are subject to continuing regulatory review and periodic inspections. If previously unknown problems with a product are discovered, such as adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or problems with the facility where the product is manufactured, the FDA may impose restrictions on that product or us, including requiring withdrawal of the product from the market. If we or a CMO of ours fail to comply with applicable regulatory requirements, a regulatory agency may:

 

 

 

Even if one or more of our product candidates receive regulatory approval in the U.S., we may never receive approval or commercialize our products outside of the U.S., which would limit our ability to realize the full market potential of our product candidates.

 

In order to market any products outside of the U.S., we must establish and comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements of other countries regarding safety and efficacy. Approval procedures vary among countries and can involve additional product testing and validation and additional administrative review periods. The time required to obtain approval in other countries might differ from that required to obtain FDA approval. In particular, other countries may not have a comparable regulatory procedure as is available under Section 505(b)(2) of FDCA. Even if a country did have a comparable procedure, that country may require a more robust data package than the pharmacokinetic data package that we intend to submit in support of NDAs for ANX-530 and ANX-514. The regulatory approval process in other countries may include all of the risks detailed above regarding FDA approval in the U.S., as well as other risks. Regulatory approval in one country does not ensure regulatory approval in another, but a failure or delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one country may have a negative effect on the regulatory process in others. Failure to obtain regulatory approval in other countries or any delay or setback in obtaining such approval could have the same adverse effects detailed above regarding FDA approval in the U.S. As described above, such effects include the risks that our product candidates may not be approved for all indications requested, which could limit the uses of our product candidates and have an adverse effect on product sales, and that such approval may be subject to limitations on the indicated uses for which the product may be marketed or require costly, post-marketing follow-up studies.

 

Our product candidates may cause undesirable side effects or have other properties that could delay or prevent their regulatory approval or commercialization.

 

Undesirable side effects caused by our product candidates could interrupt, delay or halt bioequivalence or clinical trials and could result in the denial of regulatory approval by the FDA or other regulatory authorities for any or all indications, and in turn prevent us from commercializing our product candidates and generating revenues from their sale.

 

In addition, if any of our product candidates receive marketing approval and we or others later identify undesirable side effects caused by the product or the reference product:

 

 

Any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the affected product or could substantially increase the costs and expenses of commercializing the product, which in turn could delay or prevent us from generating significant revenues from its sale.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

 

Our success will depend on patents and other protection we obtain on our product candidates and proprietary technology.

 

Our success will depend in part on our ability to:

 

 

The patent and intellectual property positions of specialty pharmaceutical companies, including ours, are uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions. There is no guarantee that we have or will develop or obtain the rights to products or processes that are patentable, that patents will issue from any pending applications or that claims allowed will be sufficient to protect the technology we develop or have developed or that is used by us, our CMOs or our other service providers. In addition, we cannot be certain that patents issued to us will not be challenged, invalidated, infringed or circumvented, including by our competitors, or that the rights granted thereunder will provide competitive advantages to us.

 

Furthermore, patent applications in the U.S. are confidential for a period of time until they are published, and publication of discoveries in scientific or patent literature typically lags actual discoveries by several months. As a result, we cannot be certain that the inventors listed in any patent or patent application owned by us were the first to conceive of the inventions covered by such patents and patent applications or that such inventors were the first to file patent applications for such inventions.

 

We may also rely on unpatented trade secrets and know-how and continuing technological innovation to develop and maintain our competitive position, which we seek to protect, in part, by confidentiality agreements with employees, consultants, collaborators and others. We also have invention or patent assignment agreements with our employees and certain consultants. There can be no assurance, however, that binding agreements will not be breached, that we will have adequate remedies for any breach, or that trade secrets will not otherwise become known or be independently discovered by competitors. In addition, there can be no assurance that inventions relevant to us will not be developed by a person not bound by an invention assignment agreement with us.

 

Exclusivity for our emulsion-formulation product candidates may be limited because of the nature of patent protection available for these candidates.

 

While the patent applications covering our emulsion-formulation product candidates, including ANX-530 and ANX-514, include product claims, they cover only specific formulations of the underlying chemical entity, or API, and not the API itself. Such product claims are not as strong as claims covering new APIs, which are widely viewed as the strongest form of intellectual property protection for pharmaceutical products, as they apply without regard to how the API is formulated or the method in which the API is used. A competitor may modify our formulations and obtain regulatory approval for products with the same API as our products. Such competitive products may not infringe the patents we hold covering our specific formulations of the API.

 

If we are sued for infringing the proprietary rights of third parties, it will be costly and time consuming, and an unfavorable outcome would have an adverse effect on our business.

 

Our commercial success depends on our ability and the ability of our CMOs and component suppliers to develop, manufacture, market and sell our products and product candidates and use our proprietary technologies without infringing the proprietary rights of third parties. Numerous U.S. and foreign issued patents and pending patent applications, which are owned by third parties, exist in the fields in which we are or may be developing products. As the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry expands and more patents are issued, the risk increases

that our products and product candidates may give rise to claims that our products or product candidates infringe the rights of others. Because patent applications can take many years to publish and issue, there may be currently pending applications, unknown to us, that may later result in issued patents that our products, product candidates or technologies infringe, or that the process of manufacturing our products or any of their respective component materials, or the component materials themselves, infringe.

 

We or our CMOs or component material suppliers may be exposed to, or threatened with, future litigation by third parties having patent or other intellectual property rights alleging that our products, product candidates and/or technologies infringe their intellectual property rights or that the process of manufacturing our products or any of their respective component materials, or the component materials themselves, infringe their intellectual property rights. If one of these patents was found to cover our products, product candidates, technologies or their uses, or any of the underlying manufacturing processes or components, we could be required to pay damages and could be unable to commercialize our products or use our technologies or methods unless we are able to obtain a license to the patent or intellectual property right. A license may not be available to us on acceptable terms, if at all. In addition, during litigation, a patent holder could obtain a preliminary injunction or other equitable remedy that could prohibit us from making, using or selling our products, technologies or methods.

 

In connection with any NDA that we file under Section 505(b)(2) of the FDCA, we may be required to notify third parties that we have certified to the FDA that any patents listed for the approved drug in the FDA’s Orange Book publication are invalid or will not be infringed by the manufacture, use or sale of our drug. If the third-party files a patent infringement lawsuit against us within 45 days of its receipt of notice of our certification, the FDA is automatically prevented from approving our Section 505(b)(2) NDA until, subject to certain adjustments, the earliest of 30 months, expiration of the patent, settlement of the lawsuit or a decision in the infringement case that is favorable to us. Accordingly, we may invest significant time and expense in the development of our product candidates, including ANX-514, only to be subject to significant delay and patent litigation before our product candidates may be commercialized.

 

There is a substantial amount of litigation involving patent and other intellectual property rights in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries generally. If a third party claims that we or our CMOs or component material suppliers infringe its intellectual property rights, we may face a number of issues, including, but not limited to:

 

 

No assurance can be given that patents do not exist, have not been filed, or could not be filed or issued, which contain claims covering our products, technology or methods or those of our CMOs or component material suppliers. Because of the number of patents issued and patent applications filed in our field, we believe there is a risk that third parties may allege they have patent rights encompassing our products, technology or methods or those of our CMOs or component material suppliers.

 

In addition, it may be necessary for us to enforce patents under which we have rights, or to determine the scope, validity and unenforceability of other parties’ proprietary rights, which may affect our rights. There can be no assurance that our patents would be held valid by a court or administrative body or that an alleged infringer would be found to be infringing. The uncertainty resulting from the mere institution and continuation of any technology-related litigation or interference proceeding could have a material and adverse effect on us.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR INDUSTRY

 

We expect intense competition in the marketplace for all of our product candidates.

 

The industry in which we operate is highly competitive and rapidly changing. If successfully developed and approved, all of our products will likely compete with existing and new products and therapies and our competitors may succeed in commercializing products more rapidly or effectively than us, which would have a material and adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. In addition, there are numerous companies with a focus in oncology and/or that are pursuing the development of pharmaceuticals that target the same diseases as are targeted by the products being developed by us or that focus on reformulating currently approved drugs. We anticipate that we will face intense and increasing competition in the future as new products enter the market and advanced technologies become available. There is no assurance that existing products or new products developed by competitors will not be more effective, or more effectively marketed and sold, than those we may market and sell. Competitive products may render our products and product candidates obsolete or noncompetitive.

 

For instance, numerous companies are focused on reformulating currently approved chemotherapeutic agents. In particular, the taxanes, the class of drugs of which Taxotere is a member, have experienced substantial commercial success, in part as a result of their effectiveness in treating a wide variety of cancers, which has generated significant interest in reformulating Taxotere and other taxanes. In addition to our approach of emulsifying docetaxel, other companies are pursuing alternative delivery vehicles, including the use of albumin nanoparticles, prodrugs, polyglutamates, analogs, co-solvents, liposomes and microspheres. Many of these or similar approaches could be applied to vinorelbine. Relative to our formulations, formulations based on one or more of these other methods may result in greater efficacy or safety, provide better drug delivery to tumor sites or otherwise increase benefits to patients and healthcare providers.

 

In particular, ANX-530 and ANX-514, if approved, may compete against Navelbine and Taxotere, respectively, as well as their generic equivalents and other formulations of vinorelbine and docetaxel. In addition to Navelbine, currently there are at least 6 generic versions of vinorelbine on the market. In addition, there is an oral formulation of vinorelbine approved for use in the European Union, or EU, against which we would compete if our emulsion formulation of vinorelbine were approved for use in the EU. In the U.S., in May 2010 (but subject to any period of pediatric exclusivity that may be granted in the future), patent protection ends for docetaxel and, in November 2013 (but subject to any period of pediatric exclusivity that may be granted in the future), patent protection ends for Taxotere. We are aware of two leading generics companies that each have developed or acquired a formulation of docetaxel and have certified that, after May 2010, their respective formulations of docetaxel will not infringe any unexpired Taxotere patents.

 

Under our current regulatory strategy, because we anticipate submitting Section 505(b)(2) NDAs with only bioequivalence data, the ability to differentiate our products from competitor products will be limited. Even if we believe our products demonstrate clinical or pharmacoeconomic benefits, we may be unable to market our products based on these benefits. If our products fail to obtain unique HCPCS codes, we may be required to price our products at levels that do not cover our costs to manufacture, market and distribute the products or provide any profit, or to price our products at levels at which they are not competitive.

 

Companies likely to have products that will compete with our product candidates have significantly greater financial, technical and human resources and are better equipped to develop, manufacture, market and distribute products. Many of these companies have extensive experience in preclinical testing and clinical trials, obtaining FDA and other regulatory approvals and manufacturing and marketing products and have products that have been approved or are in late-stage development and operate large, well-funded research and development programs.

 

Smaller companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. Furthermore, academic institutions, government agencies and other public and private research organizations are becoming increasingly aware of the commercial value of their inventions and are actively seeking to commercialize the technology they have developed.

We are subject to uncertainty relating to healthcare reform measures and reimbursement policies that, if not favorable to our products, could hinder or prevent our products’ commercial success.

 

Our ability to commercialize our products successfully will depend in part on the extent to which reimbursement for the costs of such products and related treatments will be available from government health administration authorities, private health insurers and other third-party payors. Significant uncertainty exists as to the reimbursement status of newly approved medical products. The continuing efforts of the government, insurance companies, managed care organizations and other payors of healthcare services to contain or reduce costs of healthcare may adversely effect:

 

 

If we are successful in obtaining FDA approval for ANX-530, we will compete with Navelbine and several generic versions of Navelbine. Our ability to commercialize ANX-530 will depend in part on the extent to which governmental authorities, private health insurers and other organizations establish appropriate coverage and reimbursement levels for the cost of our products and related treatments. These payors are increasingly attempting to contain healthcare costs by limiting both coverage and the level of reimbursement, particularly for new therapeutic products or if there is a perception that the target indication of the new product is well-served by existing drugs or other treatments. Accordingly, even if coverage and reimbursement are provided, market acceptance of our products would be adversely affected if the amount of coverage and/or reimbursement available for the use of our products proved to be unprofitable for healthcare providers or less profitable than alternative treatments.

 

There have been federal and state proposals to subject the pricing of healthcare goods and services to government control and to make other changes to the U.S. healthcare system. While we cannot predict the outcome of current or future legislation, we anticipate, particularly given President Obama’s focus on healthcare reform, that Congress and state legislatures will introduce initiatives directed at lowering the total cost of healthcare. In addition, in certain foreign markets, the pricing of drugs is subject to government control and reimbursement may in some cases be unavailable or insufficient. It is uncertain if future legislative proposals, whether domestic or abroad, will be adopted that might affect our product candidates or what actions federal, state, or private payors for healthcare treatment and services may take in response to any such healthcare reform proposals or legislation. Any such healthcare reforms could have a material and adverse effect on the marketability of any products for which we ultimately receive FDA or other regulatory agency approval.

 

We face potential product liability exposure and, if successful claims are brought against us, we may incur substantial liability for a product or product candidate and may have to limit its commercialization. In the future, we anticipate that we will need to obtain additional or increased product liability insurance coverage and it is uncertain that such increased or additional insurance coverage can be obtained on commercially reasonable terms.

 

Our business (in particular, the use of our product candidates in clinical trials and the sale of our products for which we obtain marketing approval) will expose us to product liability risks. Product liability claims might be brought against us by patients, health care providers, pharmaceutical companies or others selling our products. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against these claims, we will incur substantial liabilities. Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:

 

 

 

We maintain limited product liability insurance for our bioequivalence and clinical trials, but our insurance coverage may not reimburse us or may not be sufficient to reimburse us for any expenses or losses we may suffer. Moreover, insurance coverage is becoming increasingly expensive and, in the future, we may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in sufficient amounts to protect us against losses.

 

We intend to expand our insurance coverage to include the sale of commercial products if we obtain marketing approval of any of our product candidates, but we may be unable to obtain product liability insurance on commercially acceptable terms or may not be able to maintain such insurance at a reasonable cost or in sufficient amounts to protect us against potential losses. Large judgments have been awarded in class action lawsuits based on drugs that had unanticipated side effects. A successful product liability claim or series of claims brought against us could cause our stock price to fall and, if judgments exceed our insurance coverage, could decrease our cash and adversely affect our business.

 

RISKS RELATED TO OUR COMMON STOCK

 

We currently are not in compliance with NYSE Amex continuing listing standards and are at risk of being delisted from the NYSE Amex equities market.

 

Our common stock currently trades on the NYSE Amex. NYSE Amex will normally consider suspending dealings in, or removing from the list, securities of an issuer which has stockholders’ equity of less than $6.0 million if such issuer has sustained losses from continuing operations and/or net losses in its five most recent fiscal years. As of June 30, 2009, our stockholders’ equity was approximately $3.0 million and we have incurred annual net losses since inception. In addition, NYSE Amex will normally consider suspending dealings in, or removing from the list, securities selling for a substantial period of time at a low price per share if the issuer fails to effect a reverse split of such stock within a reasonable time after being notified that the NYSE Amex deems such action to be appropriate under the circumstances. Since October 1, 2007 through the date hereof, the closing price of a share of our common stock has been less than $1.00.

 

On June 1, 2009, we received notice from the NYSE Amex staff that, based on their review of our Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2009, we are not in compliance with certain stockholders’ equity continued listing standards. Specifically, the NYSE Amex staff noted that we are not in compliance with Section 1003(a)(ii) of the NYSE Amex Company Guide because we reported stockholders’ equity of less than $4,000,000 and losses from continuing operations and net losses in three of our four most recent fiscal years, or with Section 1003(a)(iii) of the Company Guide because we reported stockholders’ equity of less than $6,000,000 and losses from continuing operations and net losses in our five most recent fiscal years. In addition, the NYSE Amex staff notified us, in accordance with Section 1003(f)(v) of the Company Guide, that it deems it appropriate for us to effect a reverse stock split of our common stock to address its low selling price per share, and that if a reverse stock split is not completed within a reasonable amount of time after June 1, 2009, the NYSE Amex may consider suspending dealings in, or removing from the list, our common stock.

 

To maintain the listing of our common stock on the NYSE Amex, the NYSE Amex required us to submit a plan by July 1, 2009, advising the exchange of the actions we have taken, or will take, to regain compliance with Sections 1003(a)(ii) and (iii) of the Company Guide by December 1, 2010. On July 1, 2009, we submitted a plan to attempt to resolve our listing deficiencies and regain compliance with the continued listing requirements. On July 31, 2009, the NYSE Amex staff notified us that it determined that the plan we submitted makes a reasonable demonstration of our ability to regain compliance with the NYSE Amex’s continued listing standards and determined to grant us an extension, until December 1, 2010, for us to regain compliance with the NYSE Amex’s continued listing standards. During this extension period, we will be subject to periodic review to determine whether we are making progress consistent with our plan. If we do not show progress consistent with our plan, the NYSE Amex staff will review the circumstances and may immediately commence delisting proceedings.

The delisting of our common stock from the NYSE Amex likely would reduce the trading volume and liquidity in our common stock and may lead to further decreases in the trading price of our common stock. The delisting of our common stock may also materially impair our stockholders’ ability to buy and sell shares of our common stock. In addition, the delisting of our common stock could significantly impair our ability to raise capital, which is critical to the continuation of our business.

 

If our common stock were delisted and determined to be a “penny stock,” a broker-dealer may find it more difficult to trade our common stock and an investor may find it more difficult to acquire or dispose of our common stock in the secondary market.

 

If our common stock were removed from listing with the NYSE Amex, it may be subject to the so-called “penny stock” rules. The SEC has adopted regulations that define a “penny stock” to be any equity security that has a market price per share of less than $5.00, subject to certain exceptions, such as any securities listed on a national securities exchange. For any transaction involving a “penny stock,” unless exempt, the rules impose additional sales practice requirements on broker-dealers, subject to certain exceptions. If our common stock were delisted and determined to be a “penny stock,” a broker-dealer may find it more difficult to trade our common stock and an investor may find it more difficult to acquire or dispose of our common stock on the secondary market. Investors in penny stocks should be prepared for the possibility that they may lose their whole investment.

 

The market price of our common stock has been and is likely to continue to be highly volatile.

 

On October 1, 2007, the market price for our common stock dropped almost 80% following our announcement of the results of our phase 2b clinical trial of CoFactor for the first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. In addition, the market price for our common stock has historically been highly volatile, and the market for our common stock has from time to time experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that are unrelated to our operating performance. The market price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly in response to a number of factors, including:

 

 

 

As evidenced by the October 1, 2007 decline, the realization of any of the foregoing could have a dramatic and adverse impact on the market price of our common stock. In addition, class action litigation has often been instituted against companies whose securities have experienced periods of volatility in market price. Moreover, regulatory entities often undertake investigations of investor transactions in securities that experience volatility following an announcement of a significant event or condition. Any such litigation brought against us or investigation involving our investors could result in substantial costs and a diversion of management’s attention and resources, which could hurt our business, operating results and financial condition.

 

Sales of substantial amounts of our common stock or the perception that such sales may occur could cause the market price of our common stock to drop significantly, even if our business is performing well.

 

The market price of our common stock could decline as a result of sales by, or the perceived possibility of sales by, us or our existing stockholders of shares of our common stock. These sales might also make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities at a time and price that we deem appropriate. In addition, this registration statement on Form S-1 and our shelf and resale registration statements on Form S-3 register a significant number of shares of our common stock, and securities convertible into our common stock, that may be sold by us or certain of our stockholders, which may increase the likelihood of sales by, or the perception of an increased likelihood of sales by, us or our existing stockholders of shares of our common stock.

 

Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and under Delaware law may make an acquisition of us, which may be beneficial to our stockholders, more difficult, which could depress our stock price. Alternatively, prohibitions on anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents may restrict us from acting in the best interests of our stockholders.

 

We are incorporated in Delaware. Certain anti-takeover provisions of Delaware law and our charter documents as currently in effect may make a change in control of our company more difficult, even if a change in control would be beneficial to our stockholders. Our bylaws limit who may call a special meeting of stockholders and establish advance notice requirements for nomination of individuals for election to our board of directors or for proposing matters that can be acted upon at stockholders’ meetings. Delaware law also prohibits corporations from engaging in a business combination with any holders of 15% or more of their capital stock until the holder has held the stock for three years unless, among other possibilities, the board of directors approves the transaction. Our board of directors may use these provisions to prevent changes in the management and control of our company. Also, under applicable Delaware law, our board of directors may adopt additional anti-takeover measures in the future. In addition, provisions of certain compensatory contracts with our management, such as equity award agreements with our executive officers, may have an anti-takeover effect by resulting in accelerated vesting of outstanding equity securities held by these officers. In particular, in the event of a change in control, the vesting of options we granted in July 2009 to our remaining executives will accelerate with respect to fifty percent of the then unvested shares on the day prior to the date of the change in control and, subject to the respective executive’s continuous service, with respect to the remaining fifty percent of the then unvested shares on the one year anniversary of the date of the change in control. As a result, if an acquirer desired to retain the services of one or both of our remaining executives following an acquisition, it may be required to provide additional incentive to them, which could increase the cost of the acquisition to the acquirer and may deter or affect the terms of the acquisition or potential acquisition.

 

In connection with a July 2005 private placement, we agreed with the investors in that transaction that we would not implement certain additional measures that would have an anti-takeover effect. As a result, under our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, we are prohibited from dividing our board of directors into classes and adopting or approving any “rights plan,” “poison pill” or other similar plan or device. A classified board of directors could serve to protect our stockholders against unfair treatment in takeover situations, by making it more difficult and time-consuming for a potential acquirer to take control of our board of directors. A company may

also adopt a classified board of directors to ensure stability in the board of directors and thereby improve long-term planning, which may benefit stockholders. A “poison pill” or similar plan or device may encourage potential acquirers to discuss their intentions with the board of directors of a company and avoid the time, expense and distraction of a hostile take-over. Any benefit to us and our stockholders from instituting a classified board or adopting or approving a “poison pill” or similar plan or device in these and other circumstances is unavailable.

 

Because we do not expect to pay dividends with respect to our common stock in the foreseeable future, you must rely on stock appreciation for any return on your investment.

 

We have paid no cash dividends on any of our common stock to date, and we currently intend to retain our future earnings, if any, to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, with respect to our common stock, we do not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future, and payment of cash dividends, if any, will also depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements and other factors and will be at the discretion of our board of directors. Furthermore, we are subject to various laws and regulations that may restrict our ability to pay dividends and we may in the future become subject to contractual restrictions on, or prohibitions against, the payment of dividends. Accordingly, the success of your investment in our common stock will likely depend entirely upon any future appreciation and there is no guarantee that our common stock will appreciate in value.

 

RISKS RELATED TO THIS OFFERING

 

Since we have broad discretion in how we use the proceeds from this offering, we may use the proceeds in ways with which you disagree.

 

Although we describe under the heading “Use of Proceeds” in this prospectus our currently intended use of the net proceeds from this offering, we cannot estimate the allocation of the net proceeds from this offering among those uses and we reserve the right to change the use of proceeds as a result of certain contingencies, including any future partnering or strategic transaction opportunity. Accordingly, our management will have significant flexibility in applying the net proceeds from this offering. You will be relying on the judgment of our management and our board of directors with regard to the use of these net proceeds, and you will not have the opportunity, as part of your investment decision, to assess whether the proceeds are being used appropriately. It is possible that the net proceeds will be used in a way that does not improve our operating results or enhance the value of our common stock. In addition, if we are unable to obtain additional capital or complete a strategic transaction on a timely basis, net proceeds from this offering may be used for expenses related to seeking protection under the provisions of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code or conducting an orderly liquidation of our assets and winding up of our corporate affairs. In either case, you could lose part or all of your investment.

 

Investors in this offering will pay a much higher price than the book value of our stock.

 

The public offering price of the securities offered hereby is likely to be substantially higher than the book value per share of our common stock. Investors purchasing securities in this offering may, therefore, incur immediate dilution in net tangible book value per share of the common stock issuable upon conversion or exercise of the securities purchased in this offering. See “Dilution” below for a more detailed discussion of the dilution you will incur in this offering.

 

Provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law may prohibit us from making dividend payments with respect to our Series D convertible preferred stock or make-whole payments that may be due to the holders of our Series D convertible preferred stock.

 

We are incorporated in the State of Delaware and are subject to the provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”). Section 170 of the DGCL provides, among other things, that a Delaware

corporation may declare and pay dividends upon shares of its capital stock out of its surplus, as defined in and computed in accordance with Sections 154 and 244 of the DGCL. As of the date hereof, we have sufficient surplus to make dividend payments with respect to the Series D convertible preferred stock to be issued under this prospectus, as well as sufficient surplus to make the make-whole payments that may be due to the holders of our Series D convertible preferred stock, should such make-whole payments be deemed a dividend under the DGCL. However, our surplus will decrease as we spend our capital on operational activities, unless our spending is offset by capital-raising transactions. If our surplus is less than then-due dividend payments, including make-whole payments if they are deemed a dividend under the DGCL, we will be prohibited by the DGCL from making the dividend or make-whole payment, which may constitute a violation of our certificate of incorporation or a breach of our contractual obligations to the holders of our Series D convertible preferred stock.

 

There is no public market for the convertible preferred stock or the warrants being offered by this prospectus.

 

There is no established trading market for the convertible preferred stock or the warrants being offered by this prospectus, and we do not expect a market to develop. In addition, we do not intend to apply to list the convertible preferred stock or the warrants on any securities exchange or automated quotation system. Without an active market, the liquidity of the convertible preferred stock and warrants will be limited.

 

This prospectus and the registration statement of which it forms a part, and any final or free writing prospectus, contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. All statements, other than statements of historical fact, are statements that could be deemed forward-looking statements, including, but not limited to, statements regarding our business strategy, expectations and plans, our objectives for future operations, including product development, and our future financial position. We use words such as “goal,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “may,” “could,” “will,” “estimate,” “continue,” “intend,” “expect,” “indicate” and similar expressions to identify forward-looking statements. We base these forward-looking statements on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy, short-term and long-term business operations and objectives, and financial needs, including our ability to satisfy our need for additional capital. These forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those reflected in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed in under “Risk Factors” above and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” below.

 

Any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which it is made and, except as required by law, we do not intend to update any forward-looking statements publicly to reflect events or circumstances after the date on which such statement is made or to update the reasons actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements, even if new information becomes available in the future. You should not place undue reliance on any forward-looking statement. Before you invest in our common stock or securities convertible into or exercisable for our common stock, you should be aware that the occurrence of any of the events described under “Risk Factors” above or elsewhere in this prospectus could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operation. In such case, the trading price of our common stock could decline and you could lose all or part of your investment.

 

We estimate that the net proceeds to us from the sale of the securities offered under this prospectus, after deducting the estimated placement agent’s fees and our estimated offering expenses, but before deducting our dividend and related payment obligations, will be approximately $      million if we sell the maximum amount of convertible preferred stock and warrants offered hereby. Because there is no minimum offering amount required as a condition to closing this offering, we may sell less than all of the securities offered hereby, which may significantly reduce the amount of proceeds received by us.

 

We currently intend to use the majority of the net proceeds to fund our operations during the FDA review period of an ANX-530 NDA and to continue the development of ANX-514, as well as for general corporate purposes. At this time we cannot estimate the allocation of the net proceeds of this offering among these anticipated uses. The amounts and timing of the expenditures may vary significantly depending on numerous factors, including the net proceeds to us from the sales of the securities offered under this prospectus and our need for and ability to raise additional capital to advance ANX-530 toward commercialization. We reserve the right to change the use of proceeds as a result of certain contingencies, such as those discussed above and any future opportunities to evaluate, negotiate and complete one or more strategic or partnering transactions. Accordingly, our management will have broad discretion in the application of the net proceeds of this offering. Pending use of the net proceeds, we intend to invest the net proceeds in short-term, interest-bearing, investment-grade securities.

 

Our common stock trades under the symbol “ANX” on the NYSE Amex. The following table sets forth the high and low closing prices for our common stock, as reported by the NYSE Amex, for the periods indicated.

 

 

On September 21, 2009, the closing price of our common stock, as reported by the NYSE Amex, was $0.16. As of September 21, 2009, we had approximately 164 holders of record of our common stock. We believe that the number of beneficial owners is substantially greater than the number of record holders because a large portion of our common stock is held of record through brokerage firms in “street name.”

 

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock and do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. Our 5% Series B Convertible Preferred Stock would have accrued cumulative dividends at a rate of 5% per annum until July 6, 2014, payable on a quarterly basis beginning on October 1, 2009 and our 5% Series C Convertible Preferred Stock would have accrued cumulative dividends at a rate of 5% per annum until February 10, 2012, payable on a quarterly basis beginning on October 1, 2009. However, all of the shares of the 5% Series B Convertible Preferred Stock and the 5% Series C Convertible Preferred Stock were converted into common stock prior to the initial dividend payment date. Pursuant to the terms of the 5% Series B Convertible Preferred Stock and the 5% Series C Convertible Preferred Stock, in connection with these conversions, we paid an amount equal to $250 per $1,000 stated value of such converted shares of 5% Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, or an aggregate of $340,250, and we paid an amount equal to $125 per $1,000 stated value of such converted shares of the 5% Series C Convertible Preferred Stock, in each case in lieu of our dividend obligations. Such payments may be deemed dividends under the DGCL. Except for dividends, or amounts that may be deemed dividends, payable on our 4% Series D convertible Preferred stock offered hereby, we expect to retain all available funds and any future earnings to support operations and fund the development and growth of our business. Our board of directors will determine whether we pay and the amount of future dividends (including cash dividends), if any.

 

The following table sets forth our capitalization as of June 30, 2009:

 

 

You should read this table in conjunction with the section of this prospectus entitled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and with our consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto and our unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto, all of which is included elsewhere in this prospectus.

 

 

The outstanding shares information in the table above excludes:

 

 

 

If you invest in the securities being offered by this prospectus, you will suffer immediate and substantial dilution in the net tangible book value per share of common stock. Our net tangible book value as of June 30, 2009 was approximately $1.5 million, or approximately $0.01 per share of common stock. Net tangible book value per share is determined by dividing our net tangible book value, which consists of our total tangible assets less total liabilities, by the number of shares of our common stock outstanding on that date.

 

Dilution in net tangible book value per share represents the difference between the price per share paid by purchasers in this offering and the net tangible book value per share of our common stock immediately after this offering. Without taking into account any other changes in the net tangible book value after June 30, 2009, other than to give effect to:

 

 

our net tangible book value as of June 30, 2009, after giving effect to the items above, would have been approximately $      million, or approximately $      per share of common stock. This represents an immediate increase of $      in net tangible book value per share to our existing stockholders and an immediate dilution of $      per share to purchasers of securities in this offering. The following table illustrates this per share dilution:

 

 

The above table is based on 108,288,771 shares of our common stock outstanding as of June 30, 2009 (as adjusted for 9,504,189 shares of common stock issued upon conversion of the convertible preferred stock issued in our financing that closed on July 6, 2009, 7,092,307 shares of common stock issued upon conversion of the

convertible preferred stock issued in our financing that closed on August 10, 2009 and           shares of common stock to be issued in this offering), and excludes:

 

 

To the extent that any options or warrants are exercised, restricted stock units are settled, new options or other equity awards are issued under our 2008 Omnibus Incentive Plan, or we otherwise issue additional shares of common stock in the future, there will be further dilution to new investors.

 

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this prospectus. In addition to historical information, this discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties, and assumptions. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements.

 

Overview

 

We are a development-stage specialty pharmaceutical company focused on in-licensing, developing and commercializing proprietary product candidates for the treatment of cancer. We seek to improve the performance of existing drugs by addressing limitations associated principally with their safety and use. We have devoted substantially all of our resources to research and development, or R&D, or to acquisition of our product candidates. We have not yet marketed or sold any products or generated any significant revenue. Our lead product candidates, ANX-530 (vinorelbine emulsion) and ANX-514 (docetaxel emulsion), are novel emulsion formulations of currently marketed chemotherapy drugs.

 

We have incurred annual net losses since inception. We had a net loss of $2.6 million in the second quarter of 2009 and cash and cash equivalents of $5.4 million and working capital of $2.2 million at June 30, 2009. Included in the net loss at June 30, 2009 was a portion of the expenses associated with the manufacturing activities related to submitting a new drug application, or NDA, for ANX-530 that we re-started following our June 2009 equity financing (discussed below), as well as charges associated with our October 2008 and January and March 2009 reductions in force. Our working capital at June 30, 2009 reflects a liability of $1.4 million that was eliminated on July 6, 2009 following the closing of our July 2009 financing (discussed below).

 

In March 2009, we announced that we and our wholly-owned subsidiary, SD Pharmaceuticals, Inc., entered into a license agreement with respect to ANX-514 with Shin Poong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., a company organized under the laws of the Republic of Korea, pursuant to which we granted to Shin Poong an exclusive license, including the right to sublicense, to research, develop, make, have made, use, offer for sale, sell and import licensed products, in each case solely for the treatment of cancer by intravenous administration of formulations of docetaxel as emulsified products and solely in South Korea. Under the terms of the license agreement, we received an upfront licensing fee of $0.3 million in April 2009 (which we recognized as licensing revenue in the three-month period ended March 31, 2009 because we met the criteria under our revenue recognition policy in that period), a regulatory milestone payment of either $0.2 million or $0.4 million (depending on whether Shin Poong is required by the Korea Food and Drug Administration to conduct a bioequivalence or clinical study in human subjects prior to receipt of regulatory approval) upon receipt of regulatory approval for marketing a licensed product in South Korea, one-time commercial milestone payments tied to annual net sales of licensed products in an aggregate amount of up to $1.5 million and royalty payments on net sales of licensed products. Shin Poong is responsible for all development and commercial activities related to ANX-514 in South Korea. If Shin Poong is required by the Korea Food and Drug Administration to conduct a bioequivalence or clinical trial in human subjects prior to receipt of regulatory approval and we elect not to supply product to conduct such trial, which supply obligation is subject to limitations, we will pay Shin Poong $0.1 million.

 

On June 12, 2009, July 6, 2009 and August 10, 2009, we completed registered direct equity financings involving, respectively, shares of our 0% Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, 5% Series B Convertible Preferred Stock and 5% Series C Convertible Preferred Stock, which financings resulted in a total of $4.3 million in gross proceeds and $3.7 million in net proceeds, after deducting the fees of our placement agent in those financings and our estimated offering expenses, but before deducting our dividend and related payment obligations. All of these shares of Convertible Preferred Stock subsequently have been converted into shares of our common stock and, pursuant to the terms of our 5% Series B Convertible Preferred Stock and our 5% Series C Convertible Preferred Stock, we paid an aggregate of $455,500 to the holders of such Convertible Preferred Stock in connection with such conversions. We may receive up to $1.2 million of additional proceeds from the exercise of warrants issued in our

June 2009 financing; however, those warrants are not exercisable until December 13, 2009 and their exercise is subject to certain ownership limitations.

 

Following the completion of our June 2009 financing, we re-started certain development activities that we had suspended in March 2009 to conserve cash while we evaluated strategic options, pursued financing alternatives and considered whether to liquidate our assets and wind-up our operations. Specifically, we re-started the final manufacturing activities related to submitting an NDA for ANX-530 to seek approval of the United States Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, to market ANX-530 in the United States. In August 2009, we announced that, while we continue to evaluate the bioequivalence and preclinical data, we plan to submit an NDA for ANX-530 before the end of 2009. In addition, we continue to evaluate the data from our recently-completed bioequivalence study of ANX-514 and we plan to seek a meeting with the FDA to discuss the results.

 

At the time that we prepared our consolidated financial statements for the period ended and at December 31, 2008 and our condensed consolidated financial statements for the period ended and at June 30, 2009, there was substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. The report of our independent registered public accounting firm, dated March 25, 2009 and included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K that we filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on March 27, 2009, included a “going concern” qualification. Our independent registered public accounting firm indicated that we had suffered recurring losses from operations and negative cash flows from operations that raised substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. The financial statements appearing elsewhere in this prospectus have been prepared assuming we will continue as a going concern. This basis of accounting contemplates the recovery of our assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business and does not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets or the amounts and classification of liabilities that might be necessary should we be unable to continue as a going concern.

 

While we believe our recent financing transactions will fund our operations through December 31, 2009, even if we sell the maximum amount of convertible preferred stock and warrants offered by this prospectus, we will need to raise substantial additional capital to commercialize ANX-530 and to continue to develop ANX-514. There can be no assurances that we will be able to obtain additional financing on a timely basis, or at all. If we are unable to raise sufficient additional capital on a timely basis to continue our recently re-started development activities, we may seek protection under the provisions of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code or liquidate our assets and wind-up our operations. If we pursue an orderly liquidation of our assets, based on our current working capital and the estimated costs associated with seeking approval for and implementing a liquidation plan, we expect the remaining cash available for distribution to our stockholders, if any, to be insignificant.

 

Special Stockholder Meeting

 

At a special meeting of our stockholders on August 25, 2009 called by our board of directors, our stockholders (i) approved increasing the total number of authorized shares of our common stock from 200 million shares to 500 million shares, with a corresponding increase in the total number of shares which we are authorized to issue from 201 million shares to 501 million shares and (ii) authorized our board of directors to effect a reverse stock split of our outstanding common stock at a ratio in the discretion of the board of directors that is not less than 2-for-1 or greater than 50-for-1.

 

Prior to the closing of the offering described in this prospectus, we will increase the total number of authorized shares of our common stock to 500 million shares, with a corresponding increase in the total number of authorized shares of our capital stock. We anticipate effecting a reverse stock split on a timeline and at a ratio that, among other considerations, allows us to continue to list our common stock on a national securities exchange.

 

Critical Accounting Policies

 

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon consolidated financial statements and condensed consolidated financial statements that we have prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or U.S. The preparation of these financial statements requires management to make a number of assumptions and estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses in these financial statements and accompanying notes. On an on-going

basis, we evaluate these estimates and assumptions, including those related to recognition of expenses in service contracts, license agreements, share-based compensation and registration payment arrangements. Management bases its estimates on historical information and assumptions believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

 

Revenue Recognition.  We recognize revenue in accordance with the SEC’s Staff Accounting Bulletin Topic 13, “Revenue Recognition,” or Topic 13, and Emerging Issues Task Force Issue, or EITF, No. 00-21, “Revenue Arrangements with Multiple Deliverables,” or EITF 00-21. Revenue is recognized when all of the following criteria are met: (1) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists; (2) delivery has occurred or services have been rendered; (3) the seller’s price to the buyer is fixed and determinable; and (4) collectability is reasonably assured.

 

Revenue from licensing agreements is recognized based on the performance requirements of the agreement. Revenue is deferred for fees received before earned. Nonrefundable upfront fees that are not contingent on any future performance by us are recognized as revenue when the license term commences and the revenue recognition criteria under Topic 13 and EITF 00-21 are met. Nonrefundable upfront fees, where we have ongoing involvement or performance obligations, are recorded as deferred revenue and recognized as revenue over the life of the contract, the period of the performance obligation or the development period, whichever is appropriate in light of the circumstances.

 

Payments related to substantive, performance-based milestones in an agreement are recognized as revenue upon the achievement of the milestones as specified in the underlying agreement when they represent the culmination of the earnings process. Royalty revenue from licensed products will be recognized when earned in accordance with the terms of the applicable license agreements.

 

R&D Expenses.  R&D expenses consist of expenses incurred in performing R&D activities, including salaries and benefits, facilities and other overhead expenses, bioequivalence and clinical trials, research-related manufacturing services, contract services and other outside expenses. R&D expenses are charged to operations as the underlying work is performed. Advance payments, including nonrefundable amounts, for goods or services that will be used or rendered for future R&D activities are deferred and capitalized. Such amounts will be recognized as an expense as the related goods are delivered or the related services are performed. If the goods will not be delivered, or services will not be rendered, then the capitalized advance payment is charged to expense.

 

Milestone payments that we make in connection with in-licensed technology or product candidates are expensed as incurred when there is uncertainty in receiving future economic benefits from the licensed technology or product candidates. We consider the future economic benefits from the licensed technology or product candidates to be uncertain until such licensed technology is incorporated into products that, or such product candidates, are approved for marketing by the FDA or when other significant risk factors are abated. For accounting purposes, management has viewed future economic benefits for all of our licensed technology or product candidates to be uncertain.

 

Payments in connection with our bioequivalence and clinical trials are often made under contracts with multiple contract research organizations that conduct and manage these trials on our behalf. The financial terms of these agreements are subject to negotiation and vary from contract to contract and may result in uneven payment flows. Generally, these agreements set forth the scope of work to be performed at a fixed fee or unit price or on a time-and-material basis. Payments under these contracts depend on factors such as the successful enrollment or treatment of patients or the completion of other milestones. Expenses related to bioequivalence and clinical trials are accrued based on our estimates and/or representations from service providers regarding work performed, including actual level of patient enrollment, completion of patient studies, and trial progress. Other incidental costs related to patient enrollment or treatment are accrued when reasonably certain. If the contracted amounts are modified (for instance, as a result of changes in the bioequivalence or clinical trial protocol or scope of work to be performed), we modify our accruals accordingly on a prospective basis. Revisions in scope of contract are charged to expense in the period in which the facts that give rise to the revision become reasonably certain. Because of the uncertainty of possible future changes to the scope of work in bioequivalence and clinical trials contracts, we are unable to quantify an estimate of the reasonably likely effect of any such changes on our consolidated results of

operations or financial position. Historically, we have had no material changes in our bioequivalence and clinical trial expense accruals that would have had a material impact on our consolidated results of operations or financial position.

 

Purchased In-Process Research and Development.  In accordance with SFAS No. 141, “Business Combinations,” through December 31, 2008, we accounted for the costs associated with any purchased in-process research and development, or IPR&D, to the statement of operations upon acquisition. These amounts represent an estimate of the fair value of purchased IPR&D for projects that, as of the acquisition date, had not yet reached technological feasibility, had no alternative future use, and had uncertainty in generating future economic benefits. We determine the future economic benefits from the purchased IPR&D to be uncertain until such technology is incorporated into products approved for marketing by the FDA or when other significant risk factors are abated.

 

We adopted SFAS No. 141(R)-1, “Business Combinations,” effective for fiscal years beginning on or after December 15, 2008. The adoption of SFAS 141(R) did not have a material effect on our consolidated results of operations and financial condition.

 

Share-based Compensation Expenses.  Effective January 1, 2006, we accounted for share-based compensation awards granted to employees, including non-employee members of our board of directors, in accordance with the revised SFAS No. 123, “Share-Based Payment,” or SFAS 123R, including the provisions of Staff Accounting Bulletins No. 107 and No. 110. Share-based compensation expense is measured at the grant date, based on the estimated fair value of the award, and is recognized as expense over the employee’s requisite service period. As share-based compensation expense is based on awards ultimately expected to vest, it has been reduced for estimated forfeitures. SFAS 123R requires forfeitures to be estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. Forfeitures were estimated based on historical experience. Although estimates of share-based compensation expenses are significant to our consolidated financial statements, they are not related to the payment of any cash by us. Prior to January 1, 2006, we accounted for share-based compensation under the recognition and measurement principles of SFAS 123, “Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation.”

 

As of June 30, 2009, we had no awards with market or performance conditions other than the restricted stock units that we granted in January 2009, which would have vested, if at all, immediately prior to a strategic transaction (as defined in the documentation evidencing the grant of the units). As of June 30, 2009, as a result of employee terminations and resignations, there were outstanding restricted stock units representing the right to receive an aggregate of 78,750 shares of our common stock. In July 2009, as a result of an employee resignation and the termination of a consulting relationship with a former employee, restricted stock units representing the right to receive an aggregate of 27,500 shares of our common stock were cancelled and, in connection with certain compensation arrangements with our remaining two employees, we terminated restricted stock units representing the right to receive an aggregate of 51,250 shares of our common stock. As of September 21, 2009, we did not have outstanding any restricted stock unit awards.

 

We estimate the fair value of stock option awards on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, or Black-Scholes model. The determination of the fair value of share-based payment awards on the date of grant using an option-pricing model is affected by our share price as well as assumptions regarding a number of complex and subjective variables. These variables include, but are not limited to, our expected share price volatility over the term of the awards, actual and projected employee stock option exercise behaviors, a risk-free interest rate and expected dividends. We may elect to use different assumptions under the Black-Scholes model in the future, which could materially affect our net income or loss and net income or loss per share.

 

We account for share-based compensation awards granted to non-employees in accordance with EITF No. 96-18, “Accounting for Equity Instruments That Are Issued to Other Than Employees for Acquiring, or in Conjunction with Selling, Goods or Services,” or EITF 96-18. Under EITF 96-18, we determine the fair value of the share-based compensation awards granted as either the fair value of the consideration received or the fair value of the equity instruments issued, whichever is more reliably measurable. If the fair value of the equity instruments issued is used, it is measured using the share price and other measurement assumptions as of the earlier of (1) the date at which a commitment for performance by the counterparty to earn the equity instruments is reached or (2) the date at which the counterparty’s performance is complete.

Income Taxes.  In June 2006, FASB issued Financial Interpretation No., or FIN, 48, “Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes-an Interpretation of FASB Statement 109,” which clarifies the accounting for uncertainty in tax positions. FIN 48 provides that the tax effects from an uncertain tax position can be recognized in our consolidated financial statements only if the position is more likely than not of being sustained upon an examination by tax authorities. An uncertain income tax position will not be recognized if it has less than a 50% likelihood of being sustained. Additionally, FIN 48 provides guidance on derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure and transition. The provisions of FIN 48 were effective for us as of January 1, 2007, with the cumulative effect of the change in accounting principle recorded as an adjustment to opening retained earnings in the year of adoption. We adopted FIN 48 on January 1, 2007, which did not have a material impact on our consolidated results of operations or financial position.

 

Costs Associated with Exit or Disposal Activities.  As part of our efforts to reduce operating costs, we completed the following three work force reductions since the end of the third quarter of 2008, each of which was accounted for in accordance with SFAS No. 146, “Accounting for Costs Associated with Exit or Disposal Activities:”

 

 

Convertible Instruments.  In accordance with EITF 98-5, “Accounting for Convertible Securities with Beneficial Conversion Features or Contingently Adjustable Conversion Ratios” and EITF 00-27, “Application of Issue 98-5 to Certain Convertible Instruments,” we value separately at issuance embedded beneficial conversion features present in convertible securities. Embedded beneficial conversion features are recognized by allocating to additional paid-in capital and accumulated deficit that portion of the net proceeds from the sale of the convertible security equal to the intrinsic value of the beneficial conversion feature. Intrinsic value is calculated as the difference, as of the commitment date, between the conversion price of the convertible security and the fair value of the common stock underlying the convertible security, which for us is the closing price of a share of our common stock on the NYSE Amex (formerly, the American Stock Exchange), multiplied by the number of shares of our common stock into which the convertible security is convertible. If the intrinsic value of the beneficial conversion feature is greater than the net proceeds allocated to the convertible security, the amount of the discount assigned to the beneficial conversion feature is limited to the amount of the net proceeds. In our June 2009 equity financing, we issued convertible preferred stock with a non-detachable conversion feature that was in-the-money as of the commitment date, which we recognized as a beneficial conversion feature. The convertible preferred stock subsequently was converted into common stock at a fixed conversion rate. The embedded beneficial conversion feature was valued separately and recognized by allocating to additional paid-in capital and accumulated deficit a portion of the net proceeds equal to the intrinsic value of the beneficial conversion feature.

 

The foregoing is not intended to be a comprehensive list of all of our accounting policies. In most cases, the accounting treatment of a particular transaction is specifically dictated by accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S.

Results of Operations

 

A general understanding of the drug development process is critical to understanding our results of operations. Drug development in the U.S. and most countries throughout the world is a process that includes several steps defined by the FDA and similar regulatory authorities in foreign countries. The FDA approval processes relating to new drugs differ, depending on the nature of the particular drug for which approval is sought. With respect to any drug product with active ingredients not previously approved by the FDA, a prospective drug manufacturer is required to submit a new drug application, or NDA, which includes complete reports of pre-clinical, clinical and laboratory studies and extensive manufacturing information to prove such product’s safety and effectiveness. The NDA process generally requires, before the submission of the NDA, filing of an investigational new drug application, or IND, pursuant to which permission is sought to begin clinical testing of the new drug product. An NDA based on published safety and effectiveness studies conducted by others, or previous findings of safety and effectiveness by the FDA, may be submitted under Section 505(b)(2) of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, or FDCA. Development of new formulations of pharmaceutical products under Section 505(b)(2) of the FDCA may have shorter timelines than those associated with developing new chemical entities.

 

Generally, with respect to any drug product with active ingredients not previously approved by the FDA, an NDA must be supported by data from at least phase 1, phase 2 and phase 3 clinical trials. Phase 1 clinical trials can be expected to last from 6 to 18 months, phase 2 clinical trials can be expected to last from 12 to 24 months and phase 3 clinical trials can be expected to last from 18 to 36 months. However, clinical development timelines vary widely, as do the total costs of clinical trials and the likelihood of success. We anticipate that we will make determinations as to which of our programs to pursue and how much funding to direct to each program on an ongoing basis in response to the scientific and clinical success of the underlying product candidate, our ongoing assessment of its market potential and our available resources. In March 2009, due to an immediate need to raise additional capital to continue our business, we suspended substantially all of our development activities and fundamental business operations to conserve cash while we evaluated strategic options, pursued financing alternatives and considered whether to liquidate our assets and wind-up operations. Following the completion of our June 2009 equity financing, we re-started certain development activities relating to ANX-530 and ANX-514.

 

Future expenditures on R&D programs are subject to many uncertainties, including whether our product candidates will be further developed with a partner or independently. At this time, due to such uncertainties and the risks inherent in drug development and the associated regulatory process, we cannot estimate with reasonable certainty the duration of or costs to complete our R&D programs or whether or when or to what extent revenues will be generated from the commercialization and sale of any of our product candidates. The duration and costs of our R&D programs, in particular those associated with bioequivalence trials and research-related manufacturing, can vary significantly among programs as a result of a variety of factors, including:

 

 

The difficult process of seeking regulatory approvals for our product candidates and compliance with applicable regulations requires the expenditure of substantial resources. Any failure by us to obtain, or any delay in obtaining, regulatory approvals could cause our R&D expenditures to increase and, in turn, have a material and unfavorable effect on our results of operations. We cannot be certain when, if ever, we will generate revenues from sales of any of our products.

 

While many of our R&D expenses are transacted in U.S. dollars, certain significant expenses are required to be paid in foreign currencies and expose us to transaction gains and losses that could result from changes in foreign

currency exchange rates. In particular, our current contract manufacturer for both ANX-530 and ANX-514 is located outside the U.S. and generally we pay for its services, including the final manufacturing activities related to submitting an NDA for ANX-530, in Euros. As a result, our exposure to currency risk likely will increase as we move our products towards commercialization and increase the services we request from our current contract manufacturer. We include realized gains and losses from foreign currency transactions in operations as incurred.

 

We operate our business and evaluate our company on the basis of a single reportable segment, which is the business of in-licensing, developing and commercializing proprietary product candidates for the treatment of cancer. We recognized revenues of $0.5 million in each of 2008 and 2007, which revenues were derived solely from license fees under a license agreement with Theragenex, LLC, which we terminated in August 2007.

 

 

Comparison of Three Months Ended June 30, 2009 and 2008

 

Revenue.  No revenue was recognized for the three months ended June 30, 2009. For the three months ended June 30, 2008, we recognized $0.5 million in licensing revenue related to ANX-211, which represents a portion of a $0.6 million settlement payment to us by Theragenex, LLC. We settled a dispute with Theragenex in May 2008. Consistent with our revenue recognition policy, we recognized the license fee as revenue in the six-month period ended June 30, 2009 because, in that period, persuasive evidence of an arrangement existed, services had been rendered, the amount of the payment was fixed and determinable and collectability was reasonably assured. The remainder of the $0.6 million settlement payment was recorded as other income.

 

We have not generated any revenue from product sales to date, and we do not expect to generate revenue from product sales until such time that we have obtained approval from a regulatory agency to sell one of our product candidates, the timing of which, if it occurs at all, we cannot currently predict.

 

Research and Development Expenses.  We maintain and evaluate our R&D expenses by the type of cost incurred rather than by project. We maintain and evaluate R&D expenses by type primarily because of the uncertainties described above, as well as because we out-source a substantial portion of our work and, historically, our R&D personnel worked across multiple programs rather than dedicating their time to one particular program. We began maintaining such expenses by type on January 1, 2005. The following table summarizes our consolidated R&D expenses by type for the three months ended June 30, 2009 compared to the same period in 2008, and for the period from January 1, 2005 through June 30, 2009:

 

 

 

R&D expenses decreased by $3.1 million, or 68%, to $1.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2009, compared to $4.5 million for the comparable period in 2008. The decrease was primarily due to a $1.1 million decrease in external clinical trial expenses related to ANX-510, a $0.1 million decrease in external clinical trial expenses related to ANX-514, a $1.2 million decrease in non-clinical expenses related to ANX-514, a $0.6 million decrease in personnel expenses and a $0.1 million decrease in share-based compensation expense. We expect that our reductions in full-time employees will result in further R&D cost savings. However, we also expect such cost-savings will be offset in part or entirely by costs related to our re-started activities related to ANX-530 and ANX-514.

 

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses.  SG&A expenses decreased by $1.6 million, or 59%, to $1.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2009, compared to $2.6 million for the comparable period in 2008. The decrease was primarily due to a $1.1 million decrease in personnel costs, a $0.1 million decrease in share-based compensation expense, a $0.2 million decrease in legal and professional services, a $0.1 million decrease in market research expenses and a $0.1 million decrease in travel expenses. We expect SG&A expenses to continue to decline given our reductions in full-time employees. However, we also expect such cost-savings will be offset in part or entirely by costs related to capital-raising activities, which costs will be expensed unless and until the closing of the applicable capital-raising transaction.

 

Interest and Other Income/Expense.  Interest income and other income decreased by $0.3 million, or 116%, to $0 for the three months ended June 30, 2009, compared to $0.3 million for the comparable period in 2008, which 2008 period included $0.1 million of other income related to our settlement with Theragenex in May 2008. The decrease was primarily attributable to a $0.2 million decrease in interest income based on lower cash balances and a $0.1 million decrease in other income. Unless we are successful in raising a substantial amount of additional capital, we expect that interest income will continue to be negligible.

 

Net Loss.  Net loss applicable to common stock was $3.8 million, or $0.04 per share, for the three months ended June 30, 2009, compared to a net loss applicable to common stock of $6.4 million, or $0.07 per share, for the comparable period in 2008. Included in the net loss applicable to common stock for the three months ended June 30, 2009 was a non-cash deemed dividend expense of approximately $1.2 million related to our June 2009 equity financing. Net loss for the three months ended June 30, 2009, which does not reflect the deemed dividend expense, was $2.6 million. Included in both net loss and net loss applicable to common stock for the three months ended June 30, 2009 were charges associated with our October 2008 and January and March 2009 reductions in force.

 

Comparison of Six Months Ended June 30, 2009 and 2008

 

Revenue.  Revenue recognized for the six months ended June 30, 2009 represents a $0.3 million nonrefundable license fee under our March 2009 license agreement with respect to ANX-514 with Shin Poong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Consistent with our revenue recognition policy, we recognized the license fee as revenue in the six-month period ended June 30, 2009 because, in that period, persuasive evidence of an arrangement existed, services had been rendered, the amount of the payment was fixed and determinable and collectability was reasonably assured. Licensing revenue related to our settlement with Theragenex in May 2008 of $0.5 million was recognized for the six months ended June 30, 2008.

Research and Development Expenses.  The following table summarizes our consolidated R&D expenses by type for the six months ended June 30, 2009 compared to the same period in 2008, and for the period from January 1, 2005 through June 30, 2009:

 

 

 

 

R&D expenses decreased by $5.2 million, or 63%, to $3.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2009, compared to $8.3 million for the comparable period in 2008. The decrease was primarily due to a $1.3 million decrease in external clinical trial expenses related to ANX-510, a $1.8 million decrease in non-clinical expenses related to ANX-514, a $0.2 million decrease in non-clinical expenses related to ANX-201 and ANX-211, a $0.2 million decrease in non-clinical expenses related to ANX-530, a $1.1 million decrease in personnel costs and a $0.5 million decrease in share-based compensation expense, offset by a $0.1 million increase in external clinical trial expenses related to ANX-514.

 

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses.  SG&A expenses decreased by $2.2 million, or 43%, to $2.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2009, compared to $5.0 million for the comparable period in 2008. The decrease was primarily due to a $1.1 million decrease in personnel costs, a $0.3 million decrease related to share-based compensation expense, a $0.4 million decrease in legal and professional services, a $0.1 million decrease in market research expenses, a $0.2 million decrease in travel expenses, and a $0.1 million decrease in insurance related expenses.

 

Interest and Other Income/Expense.  Interest income and other income decreased by $0.6 million, or 107%, to $0 for the six months ended June 30, 2009, compared to $0.6 million for the comparable period in 2008, which 2008 period included $0.1 of other income related to our settlement with Theragenex in May 2008. The decrease was primarily attributable to a $0.5 million decrease in interest income based on lower cash balances and a $0.1 million decrease in other income.

 

Net Loss.  Net loss applicable to common stock was $7.0 million, or $0.08 per share, for the six months ended June 30, 2009, compared to a net loss applicable to common stock of $12.4 million, or $0.14 per share, for the comparable period in 2008. Included in the net loss applicable to common stock for the three months ended June 30, 2009 was a non-cash deemed dividend expense of approximately $1.2 million related to our June 2009 equity financing. Net loss for the six months ended June 30, 2009, which does not reflect the deemed dividend expense, was $5.8 million. Included in both net loss and net loss applicable to common stock for the six months ended June 30, 2009 were charges associated with our October 2008 and January and March 2009 reductions in force.

 

Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2008 and 2007

 

Revenue.  We recognized revenue of $0.5 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007. Revenue in 2007 represents nonrefundable licensing fees paid under our license agreement with Theragenex LLC, which we terminated in August 2007 as a result of Theragenex’s breach of the agreement. Revenue in 2008 represents a portion of a settlement payment from Theragenex. In May 2008, we settled our dispute with Theragenex arising out of its breach of the license agreement and, in accordance with such settlement, Theragenex

paid us $0.6 million. We recognized $0.5 million as revenue in 2008, which represents a portion of the $0.6 million settlement payment, because under the license agreement Theragenex was required to pay a total nonrefundable, up front licensing fee of $1.0 million ($0.5 million of which we received in January 2007 and $0.5 million of which was due in June 2007) and because we met the criteria for revenue recognition. The remainder of the settlement payment, $0.1 million, was recorded as other income.

 

Research and Development Expenses.  The following table summarizes our consolidated R&D expenses by type for the year ended December 31, 2008, compared to the same period in 2007, and for the period from January 1, 2005 through December 31, 2008:

 

 

 

 

R&D expenses increased by $2.0 million, or 12%, to $17.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2008, compared to $15.9 million in 2007. The increase in R&D expenses was primarily due to a $6.2 million increase in expenses related to external research-related manufacturing and regulatory and quality assurance activities related to ANX-530 and ANX-514, a $1.3 million increase in external clinical trial expenses related to ANX-514 and a $0.2 million increase in personnel costs, offset by a $5.4 million decrease in external clinical trial expenses related to ANX-510 and ANX-530 and a $0.3 million decrease in non-cash, share-based compensation expense.

 

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses.  SG&A expenses increased by $1.0 million, or 12%, to $9.7 million for 2008, compared to $8.7 million in 2007. The increase was substantially due to a $0.7 million increase for severance expenses, a $0.4 million increase for consulting expenses related to market research, a $0.3 million increase in personnel expenses and a $0.1 million increase in professional services, offset by a decrease of $0.5 million in non-cash, share-based compensation expense.

 

Interest and Other Income/Expense.  Interest income and other income for 2008 decreased by $1.5 million, or 69%, to $0.7 million in 2008, compared to $2.2 million in 2007. The decrease was primarily attributable to lower interest income based on lower invested balances. The decrease was partially offset by $0.1 million received as part of the Theragenex settlement, which was recorded as other income.

 

Net Loss.  Net loss was $26.6 million or $0.30 per share in 2008, compared to a net loss of $22.1 million or $0.25 per share in 2007.

 

Liquidity and Capital Resources

 

We have a history of recurring losses from operations and we have funded our operations primarily through sales of our equity securities. We had a net loss of $2.6 million in the second quarter of 2009 and cash and cash equivalents of approximately $5.4 million and working capital of $2.2 million at June 30, 2009. Included in the net loss at June 30, 2009 was a portion of the expenses associated with the manufacturing activities related to submitting an NDA for ANX-530 that we re-started following our June 2009 equity financing, as well as charges associated with our October 2008 and January and March 2009 reductions in force. Our working capital at June 30, 2009 reflects a liability of $1.4 million that was eliminated on July 6, 2009 following the closing of our July 2009 financing.

On June 12, 2009, we completed an approximately $2.0 million registered direct equity financing involving the issuance of shares of our 0% Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, convertible into 18,036,199 shares of our common stock, and warrants to purchase up to 8,116,290 shares of our common stock. We received approximately $1.7 million in net proceeds from the offering, after deducting the placement agent’s fees and our estimated offering expenses, but before deducting our dividend and related payment obligations. All of the shares of the 0% Series A Convertible Preferred Stock subsequently have been converted. We may receive up to approximately $1.2 million of additional proceeds from the exercise of the warrants issued in that offering; however, those warrants are not exercisable until December 13, 2009 and their exercise is subject to certain ownership limitations. In connection with the offering, we also issued warrants to purchase up to 910,810 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $0.15 per share to the placement agent in the offering as additional consideration for its services. The placement agent’s warrant is not exercisable until December 13, 2009.

 

On July 6, 2009, we completed an approximately $1.4 million registered direct equity financing involving the issuance of shares of our 5% Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, convertible into 9,504,189 shares of our common stock. We received approximately $1.2 million in net proceeds from the offering, after deducting the placement agent’s fees and our estimated offering expenses, but before deducting our dividend and related payment obligations. The convertible preferred shares were to accrue a 5% dividend until July 6, 2014, unless converted prior to such date. Upon any conversion of these preferred shares we were obligated to pay the holder an amount equal to the total dividend that would have otherwise accrued on the shares through July 6, 2014, less any dividend payment previously made with respect to such converted shares. Twenty-five percent, or $340,250, of the gross proceeds of the financing were placed in an escrow account for payment of the dividend and conversion amounts payable on the 5% Series B Convertible Preferred Stock. All of the shares of the 5% Series B Convertible Preferred Stock subsequently have been converted and, pursuant to the terms of the 5% Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, we paid an aggregate of $340,250 from the escrow account to the holder of the converted preferred shares in connection with such conversions. In connection with the offering, we also issued warrants to purchase up to 475,209 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $0.179 per share to the placement agent in the offering as additional consideration for its services. The placement agent’s warrant is not exercisable until January 7, 2010.

 

On August 10, 2009, we completed an approximately $1.4 million registered direct equity financing involving the issuance of shares of our 5% Series C Convertible Preferred Stock, convertible into 7,092,307 shares of our common stock. We received approximately $1.2 million in net proceeds from the offering, after deducting the placement agent’s fees and our estimated offering expenses, but before deducting our dividend and related payment obligations. The convertible preferred shares were to accrue a 5% dividend until February 10, 2012, unless converted prior to such date. Upon any conversion of these preferred shares we were obligated to pay the holder an amount equal to the total dividend that would have otherwise accrued on the shares through February 10, 2012, less any dividend payment previously made with respect to such converted shares. Twelve and one-half percent, or $115,250, of the gross proceeds of the financing were placed in an escrow account for payment of the dividend and conversion amounts payable on the 5% Series C Convertible Preferred Stock. All of the shares of the 5% Series C Convertible Preferred Stock subsequently have been converted and, pursuant to the terms of the 5% Series C Convertible Preferred Stock, we paid an aggregate of $115,250 from the escrow account to the holder of the converted preferred shares in connection with such conversions. In connection with the offering, we also issued warrants to purchase up to 354,615 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $0.1625 per share to the placement agent in the offering as additional consideration for its services. The placement agent’s warrant is not exercisable until February 10, 2010.

 

If we sell the maximum amount of convertible preferred stock and warrants offered in this prospectus, we estimate that we will have funds to support our operations through 2010. However, we will need substantial additional funds to commercialize ANX-530, including acquiring or developing sales, marketing and distribution capabilities and the associated regulatory compliance infrastructure, and to continue the development of ANX-514. In addition, we may incur substantial costs in connection with evaluating and negotiating future capital-raising and/or strategic or partnering transactions, the effect of which may be to shorten the period through which our operating funds will sustain us. We cannot currently predict the extent of these costs. Even if we incur costs in pursuing, evaluating and negotiating particular capital-raising and/or strategic or partnering transactions, our efforts may not prove successful. In the current financial and economic environment it is uncertain that we can obtain

funding through our traditional sources of capital. In addition, our ability to timely raise capital on commercially reasonable terms may be limited by requirements, rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the NYSE Amex. Even assuming we sell the maximum amount of convertible preferred stock offering in this prospectus, these factors raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern beyond 2010.

 

Six Months Ended June 30, 2009 and 2008

 

Operating Activities.  Net cash used in operating activities was $6.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2009, compared to $11.5 million for the comparable period in 2008. The decrease in cash used in operating activities was primarily due to reductions in development activities and fundamental business operations, as well as a $0.3 million increase in licensing revenue. We expect cash used in operating activities will increase during the next quarterly period as a result of our re-starting development activities related to ANX-530 and ANX-514 in June 2009.

 

Investing Activities.  There was no net cash provided by investing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2009, compared to net cash provided by investing activities of $9.4 million for the comparable period in 2008.

 

Financing Activities.  Net cash provided by financing activities was $1.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2009. There was no cash provided by financing activities for the comparable period in 2008.

 

Accrued Compensation and Payroll Taxes.  Accrued compensation and payroll taxes were $0.3 million at June 30, 2009, compared to $0.9 million at December 31, 2008, a decrease of $0.6 million, or 67%. The decrease was primarily due to the paying-down of severance-related expenses associated with our October 2008 and January and March 2009 reductions in staff.

 

Years Ended December 31, 2008 and 2007

 

Explanations of cash flow from operating, investing and financing activities are provided below.

 

 

 

Operating activities.  Net cash used in operating activities was $23.8 million in 2008, compared to $19.6 million in 2007. The increase in cash used in operating activities in 2008 was mainly due to the increase in our R&D and SG&A expenses.

 

Investing activities.  Net cash provided by investing activities was $18.9 million in 2008, compared to cash used in investing activities of $8.0 million in 2007. Cash provided by investing activities in 2008 and 2007 was mainly net proceeds from sales of short-term investments.

 

Financing activities.  There was no cash provided by financing activities in 2008. In 2007, net cash provided by financing activities was $0.4 million, consisting of proceeds from option exercises.

Management Outlook

 

We anticipate that our cash and cash equivalents as of June 30, 2009, together with the net proceeds from the equity financings we completed on July 6, 2009 and August 10, 2009 and the anticipated net proceeds to us from the offering described in this prospectus (assuming we sell the maximum amount of convertible preferred stock and warrants offered hereby), will be sufficient to permit us to continue operations through 2010. However, we will need substantial additional funds to commercialize ANX-530, including acquiring or developing sales, marketing and distribution capabilities and the associated regulatory compliance infrastructure, and to continue the development of ANX-514.

 

Currently, in addition to conducting activities necessary to submit an ANX-530 NDA and continuing to evaluate the data from our ANX-514 bioequivalence study, we are focused primarily on raising additional capital to continue to advance ANX-530 toward commercialization in the U.S. and continue the development of ANX-514. We also intend to continue to evaluate any strategic or partnering options, including the sale or exclusive license of one or more of our product candidate programs, a strategic business merger, co-marketing partnerships and other similar transactions. However, there can be no assurances that we will continue to pursue capital-raising transactions or strategic or partnering alternatives or, if we do, that we will be successful in consummating a transaction on a timely basis, or at all. We likely will not be able to continue as a going concern unless we raise adequate additional capital. Given our recent restructuring and cost-cutting measures, our ability to further curtail expenses to provide additional time to obtain financing or to consummate a strategic or partnering transaction is limited.

 

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

 

See Note 8, “Recent Accounting Pronouncements,” of the Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) in this prospectus for a discussion of recent accounting announcements and their effect, if any, on us.

 

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

 

We had no off-balance sheet arrangements as of December 31, 2008 or 2007 or as of June 30, 2009 or 2008, as defined in Item 303(a)(4) of Regulation S-K promulgated by the SEC. Accordingly, no such arrangements are likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that is material to investors.

 

Overview

 

We are a development-stage specialty pharmaceutical company focused on in-licensing, developing and commercializing proprietary product candidates for the treatment of cancer. We seek to improve the performance of existing drugs by addressing limitations associated principally with their safety and use. We have not yet marketed or sold any products or generated any significant revenue.

 

Our lead product candidates, ANX-530 (vinorelbine emulsion) and ANX-514 (docetaxel emulsion), are novel emulsion formulations of currently marketed chemotherapy drugs. We believe ANX-530 and ANX-514 may improve the safety of and have greater commercial potential than the currently marketed reference products, Navelbine (vinorelbine tartrate) and Taxotere (docetaxel), respectively, by:

 

 

Following the registered direct equity financing that we completed in June 2009, we re-started certain development activities that we had suspended in March 2009 to conserve cash while we evaluated strategic options, pursued financing alternatives and considered whether to liquidate our assets and wind-up our operations. Specifically, we re-started the final manufacturing activities related to submitting a New Drug Application, or NDA, for ANX-530 to seek approval of the United States Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, to market ANX-530 in the United States. In August 2009, we announced that, while we continue to evaluate the bioequivalence and preclinical data, we plan to submit an NDA for ANX-530 before the end of 2009. In addition, we continue to evaluate the data from our recently-completed bioequivalence study of ANX-514 and we plan to seek a meeting with the FDA to discuss the results.

 

Even if we sell the maximum amount of convertible preferred stock and warrants offered by this prospectus, we will need to raise substantial additional capital to commercialize ANX-530 and to continue to develop ANX-514. Despite the equity financings we completed on June 12, 2009, July 6, 2009 and August 10, 2009, we believe our ability to raise capital has been adversely affected by the current financial and economic environment. In addition, our ability to timely raise capital on commercially reasonable terms may be limited by requirements, rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the NYSE Amex.

 

Oncology Focus

 

Our lead product candidates are designed to improve treatments for cancer patients. Each year, almost 11 million people worldwide are diagnosed with and nearly 7 million people die from cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, cancer is the second most common cause of death in the U.S., accounting for 1 of every 4 deaths. It is estimated that over 1.4 million new cancer cases were diagnosed and over 550,000 people died from cancer in the U.S. in 2007.

 

Treatment choices for cancer patients depend on the type, stage and progression of the cancer, along with the number and types of prior therapies, if any. Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormone therapy and immunotherapy, both alone and in combination with each other. Treatment of cancer with chemicals is referred to as chemotherapy. Adjuvant therapy refers to additional treatment, typically chemotherapy or radiation, following removal of detectable cancerous growths, typically by surgery. In 2006, chemotherapies generated over $40 billion in revenues.

 

Cancer treatments, including chemotheraphy, typically are associated with side effects, some of which can be severe and, in rare cases, fatal. Not all side effects are the result of the active ingredient. Many side effects are associated with the manner in which a particular drug’s active ingredient is formulated — that is, side effects can be associated with the non-active components required to administer a drug. We believe formulating drugs with components that are generally regarded as safe can reduce toxicity without impacting the efficacy of a particular drug’s active ingredient, which may provide patients with superior treatment options.

Our Lead Product Candidates — ANX-530 (vinorelbine emulsion) and ANX-514 (docetaxel emulsion)

 

Opportunities for New Formulations

 

Reformulating existing pharmaceutical products is an increasingly common product lifecycle-management technique. Between 2002 and 2005, nearly 40% of the products launched by the top 50 pharmaceutical manufacturers were reformulations. Finding new markets for and ways to modify and improve existing products is often an essential element of pharmaceutical companies’ efforts to maintain or grow revenues in the face of patent expirations and competitive pressures.

 

Navelbine and Taxotere are intravenously-injected chemotherapy drugs commonly used to treat solid tumors. We believe the current formulations of these drugs have limitations, such as phlebitis, erythema and hypersensitivity reactions, that present opportunities for improvement. We are developing novel ways to formulate the active ingredient underlying each of these drugs that we believe may improve their safety profiles without adversely affecting efficacy. In addition, we believe our formulations may provide benefits to patients and practioners that do not manifest themselves in traditional measures of safety or efficacy.

 

Regulatory Strategy

 

The regulatory strategy for our lead product candidates is to demonstrate the bioequivalence of each of ANX-530 and ANX-514 to the currently marketed reference product. The bioequivalence of two drugs can be demonstrated in a single trial of as few as 28 patients, typically in an open-label, single-dose, cross-over comparison of the drugs. For each of ANX-530 and ANX-514, the FDA has indicated that data from a single study of approximately 28 patients that demonstrates the bioequivalence of our product candidates to the reference product may be sufficient to support an NDA. Accordingly, we view these bioequivalence trials as registrational studies in that they have the potential to support a marketing application. If approved, the drug prescribing information, or “label,” for our products may reflect data generated during the bioequivalence trials, including comparative adverse event information.

 

The relatively low number of required patients and the single-dose treatment cycles associated with these bioequivalence trials can decrease study timelines and costs relative to typical pivotal studies. Accordingly, with relatively modest financial investment, we are able to assess the pharmacokinetic equivalence of each of our product candidates to the reference product in as little as 12 to 18 months from initiation of the trial, which information should provide the data necessary to support an NDA. By securing in advance clarity from the FDA regarding our planned regulatory pathway, as we have done for ANX-530 and ANX-514, we mitigate aspects of the regulatory risk associated with drug development. Furthermore, after we obtain marketing approval, we can conduct clinical studies while marketing our products to expand product labels in ways that might increase their commercial value.

 

Furthermore, if any clinical studies we conduct, in addition to our bioequivalence studies, are essential to the FDA’s approval of an application to use our products or product candidates to treat a new indication, or to support a label change in product use, the product may be eligible for three years of marketing exclusivity for that indication or use. Marketing exclusivity means that the FDA will not approve an abbreviated NDA, or ANDA (an ANDA is for a generic drug product) or Section 505(b)(2) NDA during the exclusivity period based on the conditions of approval of our product.

 

Commercialization Strategy

 

In the U.S. and elsewhere, healthcare providers, including hospitals, nursing homes and physician offices, typically purchase and administer to patients the drugs that patients are restricted from self-administering and then seek reimbursement, primarily from third party payors such as Medicare, Medicaid and private insurance companies. As a result, sales of physician-administered prescription pharmaceuticals are dependent in large part on the availability and rate of reimbursement to healthcare providers from third party payors.

 

HCPCS Product Codes and Reimbursement

 

The Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System, or HCPCS, was established to identify and provide unique codes for healthcare goods and procedures, including codes for injectable oncology drugs such as ANX-530

and ANX-514, should they be approved. Ultimately, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, or CMS, is responsible for reviewing and approving applications for new HCPCS codes for healthcare goods. Generic equivalents of drugs are assigned the same HCPCS code as the original drug. Virtually all U.S. payors, including Medicare and private insurance plans, use the Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System, including the product codes assigned by CMS.

 

In determining a specific reimbursement rate for a drug, CMS publishes an average sales price for the drug based on manufacturer-reported sales data for all drugs within the same HCPCS product code, including applicable discounts and rebates, as well as a reimbursement rate, expressed as a percentage of the average sales price. Because generic equivalents of drugs are assigned the same HCPCS code as the original drug, generic competition can be expected to decrease the level of reimbursement for all drugs with the same HCPCS product code (both the original drug and its generic equivalents) until price equilibrium is reached. Most private payors use similar methods for determining reimbursement rates, sometimes based on average wholesale prices or CMS’ published average sales price.

 

Our commercial strategy in the U.S. for ANX-530 and ANX-514 is to seek unique HCPCS product codes that are distinct from those for Navelbine and Taxotere, respectively. If our products are provided unique HCPCS codes, they will be reimbursed based on their own sales prices, without including sales prices of the applicable reference product or its generic competition. We believe this will provide greater freedom to price our products at a premium to competitive products, thereby enhancing their value, and our plans include pricing ANX-530 at a premium to competitive products.

 

Group Purchasing Organizations

 

Group purchasing organizations, or GPOs, including provider networks, are entities that help health care providers, such as hospitals, nursing homes and physician offices, realize savings and efficiencies by aggregating purchasing volume and using that scale to negotiate discounts with manufacturers and other vendors. The U.S. healthcare industry spends more than $200 billion annually in medical and non-medical products, with more than 70% allocated through GPOs.

 

We believe up to 80% of the U.S. markets for ANX-530 and ANX-514 are concentrated within eight to ten GPOs and that a small, specialized sales force may be able to effectively market and sell our products, if approved, through these organizations. As consolidation within the industry and attempts to further enhance economies of scale and marketing advantages continue, we believe these markets will concentrate further. If our products demonstrate equivalent efficacy and superior tolerability or pharmacoeconomic benefits relative to the reference product, we believe the well-established utility of the reference product should enable GPOs to enact broad and rapid shifts among their constituents from the reference product to our novel emulsion formulations.

 

In October 2008, we announced that, until we secured additional funding, we may delay or significantly reduce spending on activities related to product launches. Since then, we have deferred conducting most activities related to acquiring or developing sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, establishing commercial relationships with contract manufacturers and suppliers and building the associated regulatory compliance infrastructure. We will spend considerable resources, both financial and otherwise, to prepare for the commercial launch of, and to launch commercially, our product candidates, should any of them be approved and we determine to launch them independently.

 

ANX-530 (vinorelbine emulsion)

 

Background; Limitations of Current Formulations

 

ANX-530 is a novel emulsion formulation of the chemotherapy drug vinorelbine. Navelbine, a branded formulation of vinorelbine, is approved in the U.S. to treat advanced non-small cell lung cancer as a single agent or in combination with cisplatin, and approved in the European Union, or EU, to treat non-small cell lung cancer and advanced or metastatic breast cancer. Since February 2003, generic equivalents of Navelbine have been available in the U.S.

Navelbine and its generic equivalents are often associated with injection site reactions, including phlebitis, erythema and pain at the site of injection. Studies have shown these reactions occur in approximately one-third of patients, with 5% of the reactions categorized as severe.

 

ANX-530 is designed to reduce the incidence and severity of these injection site reactions. Our formulation emulsifies vinorelbine into a homogeneous suspension of nanoparticles that is designed to protect the venous endothelium during administration into a peripheral vein, thereby reducing irritation associated with administration of the drug.

 

Clinical and Regulatory Developments

 

In November 2007, we announced positive results from a bioequivalence study of ANX-530. Pharmacokinetic equivalence, the primary endpoint of the study, was observed between ANX-530 and Navelbine. Based on federal regulations and FDA guidance regarding bioequivalence studies, pharmacokinetic equivalence was demonstrated by a statistical comparison of both the areas under the curve (AUC) and maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax).

 

In January 2008, we announced safety results from the study. In post hoc analyses, relative to Navelbine, ANX-530 demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in injection site reactions. Notably, in our study, the incidence of injection site reactions attributed to Navelbine was consistent with its product label. Furthermore, ANX-530 was determined to be safe and well-tolerated with no significant differences observed in any other safety parameters.

 

Throughout 2008, we conducted various activities related to our ANX-530 NDA submission. In particular, we engaged a new contract manufacturer and met with the FDA regarding our NDA submission. At this meeting, the FDA requested additional information regarding our new contract manufacturer and material manufactured by our new contract manufacturer.

 

In March 2009, due to an immediate need to raise additional capital to continue our business, we suspended substantially all of our development activities and fundamental business operations to conserve cash while we pursued financing alternatives, evaluated strategic options and considered whether to liquidate our assets, wind-up our operations and distribute any remaining cash to our stockholders.

 

Following the equity financing that we completed in June 2009, we re-started the final manufacturing activities related to submitting an NDA for ANX-530. In August 2009, we announced that, while we continue to evaluate the bioequivalence and preclinical data, we plan to submit an NDA for ANX-530 before the end of 2009.

 

Market and Opportunity

 

Worldwide sales of Navelbine and generic formulations of vinorelbine in 2006 were in excess of $200 million, with approximately 11% of these revenues generated in the U.S. If ANX-530 is granted a separate HCPCS code and is sold at a price-premium to Navelbine and its generic equivalents, the potential dollar value of this market could increase substantially. In addition, according to industry data, use of vinorelbine in the U.S. grew by 10% between June 2007 and December 2008.

 

Additionally, based in part on recent clinical studies, we believe the market for vinorelbine-based treatments, both in the U.S. and abroad, will grow in the coming years. In 2005, the New England Journal of Medicine published a study reporting a statistically significant improvement in overall survival among patients with early-stage lung cancer who received adjuvant therapy consisting of vinorelbine plus cisplatin following tumor resection relative to patients receiving no adjuvant therapy. In addition, a second study presented at the 2005 annual meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology reported similarly positive results. Research involving vinorelbine to treat other cancer types, including breast and ovarian cancer, is ongoing. We believe that if ongoing research yields additional positive results, demand may increase for vinorelbine-based treatments, including ANX-530.

 

We believe ANX-530 is well-positioned as an alternative to Navelbine and its generic equivalents. In post hoc analyses, relative to Navelbine, ANX-530 demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in injection site reactions in our registrational bioequivalence study while maintaining comparable pharmacokinetics. We believe an improved safety profile of ANX-530 will be compelling to healthcare practitioners and patients.

Our market research, conducted among practicing oncologists and oncology nurses, suggests that healthcare practitioners prefer and would use a formulation of vinorelbine that reduced or eliminated injection site reactions while providing comparable efficacy, provided the financial impact to the practitioner of using such a formulation, relative to alternative formulations, is neutral or positive. Furthermore, for a variety of reasons, including anticipated frequent intravenous drug delivery and to avoid injection site reactions and loss of venous access, Navelbine often is administered through a central line, a more invasive procedure in which a catheter is inserted into and left for a period of time in a large vein in the neck, chest or groin. We believe ANX-530 may provide an alternative to placing a central line for those patients for whom central lines are used primarily to avoid injection site reactions.

 

ANX-514 (docetaxel emulsion)

 

Background; Limitations of Taxotere (docetaxel)

 

ANX-514 is a novel emulsion formulation of the chemotherapy drug docetaxel. Taxotere, a branded formulation of docetaxel, is approved to treat breast, non-small cell lung, prostate, gastric and head and neck cancers. In the U.S., aspects of Taxotere are covered by patents through November 2013.

 

According to Taxotere’s label, patients should be observed closely for hypersensitivity, or allergic, reactions, which may occur within a few minutes following initiation of Taxotere administration. These reactions generally are believed to be associated with polysorbate 80, which is present in Taxotere, and range from mild, including flushing, rash, breathing difficulty and drop in blood pressure, to severe, including generalized rash/erythema, hypotension and, in rare cases, fatal anaphylaxis. Taxotere’s label recommends that all patients should be premedicated with oral corticosteroids for three days starting one day prior to Taxotere administration to reduce the severity of hypersensitivity reactions, among other reasons. Even following premedication, hypersensitivity reactions have been observed, including, very rarely, fatal anaphylaxis.

 

ANX-514 is formulated without polysorbate 80 or other detergents and is designed to reduce the incidence and severity of hypersensitivity reactions.

 

Preclinical Efficacy and Safety

 

In preclinical testing, we demonstrated that ANX-514 reduced hypersensitivity reactions without impacting pharmacokinetics or antitumor activity when compared to Taxotere. In an animal model, we observed anaphylactic reactions following Taxotere administration, including decreased respiration, swelling and tremors. Furthermore, decreases in blood pressure and increases in histamine levels were observed within 10-20 minutes of Taxotere administration. In contrast, we did not observe hypersensitivity reactions following administration of ANX-514. Specifically, we did not observe treatment-related changes in blood pressure or increases in histamine levels. On rechallenge at three weeks, hypersensitivity reactions were observed only in the Taxotere-treated animals.

 

In addition, in two separate studies in different animal species, ANX-514 showed equivalent pharmacokinetics to Taxotere. In animal models, ANX-514 demonstrated dose-dependent inhibition of tumor growth with equivalent antitumor activity when compared to Taxotere at equal dose levels.

 

Bioequivalence Study

 

In April 2008, we initiated enrollment in a registrational bioequivalence study of ANX-514 and, in February 2009, we announced that enrollment in the study was complete. In May 2009, we announced that ANX-514 was determined to have comparable overall safety as Taxotere, with no differences between treatment groups in severe toxicities. However, pharmacokinetic equivalence, the primary endpoint of the study, was not demonstrated based on benchmark regulatory standards.

 

The study data revealed higher blood-levels of docetaxel during and immediately following infusion of the study drug (i.e., during the first hour of treatment) in patients receiving ANX-514 relative to those receiving Taxotere, but, at 10 minutes after the completion of infusion, docetaxel blood-levels were comparable and remained so through the end of the observation period. We are analyzing these short-term increased levels, which were the reason ANX-514 was outside the bounds established by the FDA for determining bioequivalence. Following

preliminary discussions with clinicians and experts in taxane pharmacokinetics, we believe that the increased blood-levels of docetaxel do not affect the safety or efficacy of the drug and are not clinically relevant. We continue to evaluate the data from this study and plan to seek a meeting with the FDA to discuss the results.

 

Market and Opportunity

 

Worldwide annual sales of Taxotere in 2007 were approximately $2.9 billion, making it one of the top-selling anti-cancer agents in the world. Based on its early success, substantial investment into researching the use of Taxotere in new indications has led to numerous label expansions in the U.S. and abroad.

 

Assuming we are able to demonstrate that the increased blood-levels of docetaxel do not affect the safety or efficacy of docetaxel, we believe ANX-514 is well-positioned as an alternative to Taxotere and any of its future generic equivalents. In established animal models, we demonstrated ANX-514 reduces hypersensitivity reactions relative to Taxotere. Our market research, conducted among practicing oncologists and oncology nurses, suggests a preference for a formulation of docetaxel that reduces hypersensitivity reactions, which are perceived as a significant issue. In addition, patients with a history of allergic reactions to Taxotere, but for whom docetaxel is the best or only therapeutic option, may benefit from ANX-514, particularly as Taxotere’s label recommends against rechallenging patients with a history of severe hypersensitivity reactions.

 

If clinical studies validate our preclinical work, the need to premedicate patients, which is intended to reduce the severity of hypersensitivity reactions, may be reduced or eliminated. Many patients prefer to avoid premedication and the side effects often associated with steroids, which include agitation, altered mental state, sleeplessness and altered blood/sugar levels. In addition, ANX-514 may be well-suited for patients for whom steroid premedication causes other complications, such as diabetics.

 

In addition to the improved safety and comparable efficacy observed in preclinical testing, ANX-514 may provide nonclinical benefits to patients and healthcare practitioners. ANX-514 is formulated without polysorbate 80, which can present practical problems during administration. Taxotere’s label indicates foaming may occur when mixing Taxotere and the accompanying diluent due to the presence of polysorbate 80. Our market research suggests foaming is frequent, which can cause delays in administering the drug or disruption during administration if too much foam is present during administration. Practitioners have also expressed concern that foaming, as well as the physical process of extracting the initially diluted Taxotere mixture from the mixing vial, may result in patient underdosing.

 

Polysorbate 80 also is incompatible with plasticized polyvinyl chloride, or PVC, which is used in making the IV bags and tubing commonly used to infuse chemotherapy drugs. Polysorbate 80 can leach diethylhexyl phthalate, a potentially hepatotoxic and carcinogenic acid, from plasticized PVC bags and tubing, resulting in the addition of diethylhexyl phthalate into the infusion solution. Taxotere’s label warns against contact between Taxotere and plasticized PVC equipment and recommends storing the fully-prepared Taxotere mixture in glass or polypropylene bottles or polypropylene or polyolefin plastic bags and administering through polyethylene-lined administration sets. As a result, healthcare providers must have available and remember to use more costly non-PVC supplies to prepare and administer Taxotere, the costs of which generally are not separately reimbursed.

 

Finally, infusion of the fully-prepared Taxotere mixture should begin within three hours of preparation. Our stability testing suggests fully-prepared ANX-514 is stable for up to 48 hours. In hospital settings, where a central pharmacy may prepare products for administration, the limited stability of the fully-prepared Taxotere mixture may result in expired doses. In addition to wasted product, patients must wait while additional Taxotere is prepared for administration and additional stress is placed on hospital resources, including room availability.

 

While in the U.S. aspects of Taxotere retain patent protection through November 2013, the active ingredient, docetaxel, loses its patent protection in May 2010; however, if an outstanding request for pediatric exclusivity is granted, this date would be extended by six months. This creates a significant opportunity to develop a formulation of docetaxel that does not infringe any of the remaining Taxotere patents. Without challenging the remaining Taxotere patents, a generic equivalent of Taxotere cannot be approved in the U.S. until November 2013, which could provide other formulations of docetaxel, including ANX-514, over three years (less any period of pediatric exclusivity that may be granted in the future) of marketing in the U.S. before the introduction of Taxotere generic

equivalents. We believe this potential lead time over generic competition provides an additional opportunity to establish ANX-514 as an alternative to Taxotere and to establish pricing for ANX-514 prior to the introduction of Taxotere generic equivalents.

 

Recent Cost-Containment and Fundraising Activities

 

In the past, we spent significant resources on the development of ANX-510, or CoFactor, including a phase 2b clinical trial and a discontinued phase 3 clinical trial in the first line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer, and a phase 2 clinical trial in the treatment of advanced breast cancer. Following our announcement in October 2007 that the CoFactor/5-FU arm of our phase 2b clinical trial of CoFactor did not demonstrate statistically significant improved safety in the trial’s primary endpoint, we discontinued enrolling patients in our phase 3 clinical trial of CoFactor.

 

Beginning in October 2008 and through June 2009, we implemented numerous restructuring, cost-cutting and re-prioritization initiatives to reduce operating costs and focus on those of our options that we believed maximized the overall value of our company. For instance, during that period, we effected three reductions in our full-time employee workforce and, currently, we have two full-time employees. We engage consultants on a project or as-needed basis and outsource substantially all of our development activities to specialized vendors and contract development organizations. In addition, in October 2008, we discontinued active work on all compounds (other than ANX-530 and ANX-514) to which we have or had rights and on which we may have previously spent resources developing, including our CoFactor program. In addition, in December 2008, we began exploring a range of strategic options, including the sale or disposition or one or more of our product candidate programs, a strategic business merger and other similar transactions, and, in March 2009, we suspended substantially all of our development activities and fundamental business operations to provide additional time to consummate a strategic transaction or otherwise obtain financing.

 

Throughout 2008 and the first half of 2009, we experienced substantial turn-over in our executive and management ranks. In January and April 2008, our employment relationship with our former president and chief medical officer and former chief financial officer and senior vice president, respectively, ended. In April 2008, Mark N.K. Bagnall, the former chair of the audit committee of our board of directors, who was also a member of the compensation and nominating and governance committees of our board of directors, joined our management team as executive vice president and chief financial officer and, in December 2008, Mr. Bagnall stepped down as executive vice president and chief financial officer and resumed his role as solely a member of our board of directors, though he also served as a consultant to us from January 2009 through July 2009. In addition, in August 2009, Mr. Bagnall resigned as a member of our board of directors, at which time we re-engaged him as a consultant. In October 2008, as part of a reduction in our workforce, we ended our employment relationship with our former chief scientific officer and senior vice president, our former vice president of medical affairs and our former vice president of research and development and promoted our former vice president of commercialization to senior vice president of operations. At the same time, our former chief executive officer and president resigned his management positions, though remained on our board of directors until December 2008, at which time he resigned his position on our board of directors. In January 2009, as part of an additional reduction in our work force, we ended our employment relationship with our vice president of manufacturing. In May 2009, our senior vice president of operations, resigned and, in July 2009, our vice president of regulatory affairs and quality assurance resigned. Beginning in October 2008, our company was led by a committee of executive officers. In February 2009, our board of directors appointed Brian M. Culley, our chief business officer and senior vice president, to additionally serve as our principal executive officer and, in July 2009, appointed Patrick L. Keran, our general counsel, secretary and vice president, legal, to additionally serve as our principal financial officer and principal accounting officer. However, as of the date of this prospectus, we have not hired or appointed a chief executive officer or chief financial officer. In addition, as of the date of this prospectus, we have only two employees, both full-time, Mr. Culley and Mr. Keran. It is unclear whether or to what extent the departure of our former executives and management personnel, our reduced workforce or our reliance on consultants, vendors and contract organizations for assistance with our research and development and our selling, general and administrative activities or our leadership by officers who do not have substantial previous experience in executive leadership roles will negatively impact our ability to execute our business plan or to maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures or internal control over financial reporting.

On June 12, 2009, July 6, 2009 and August 10, 2009, we completed registered direct equity financings involving, respectively, shares of our 0% Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, 5% Series B Convertible Preferred Stock and 5% Series C Convertible Preferred Stock, which financings resulted in a total of $4.3 million in gross proceeds and $3.7 million in net proceeds, after deducting the fees of our placement agent in those financings and our estimated offering expenses, but before deducting our dividend and related payment obligations. All of these shares of Convertible Preferred Stock subsequently have been converted into shares of our common stock and, pursuant to the terms of our 5% Series B Convertible Preferred Stock and our 5% Series C Convertible Preferred Stock, we paid an aggregate of $455,500 to the holders of such Convertible Preferred Stock in connection with such conversions. We may receive up to $1.2 million of additional proceeds from the exercise of warrants issued in our June 2009 financing; however, those warrants are not exercisable until December 13, 2009 and their exercise is subject to certain ownership limitations.

 

Competition

 

If regulatory authorities approve the marketing and selling of any of our product candidates, they will face significant and long-term competition from pharmaceutical companies, pharmaceutical divisions of companies and biotechnology, biopharmaceutical and specialty pharmaceuticals companies, among others. This competition likely will become more intense if any of our products or competitor products achieve commercial success. Most of our competitors, particularly large pharmaceutical companies, have greater clinical, regulatory, manufacturing, marketing, distribution, compliance and financial resources and experience than we have. Many of these companies have commercial arrangements with other companies to supplement their internal capabilities.

 

ANX-530 and ANX-514, if approved, may compete against Navelbine and Taxotere, respectively, as well as their generic equivalents and other formulations of vinorelbine and docetaxel. In addition to Navelbine, currently there are at least 6 generic versions of vinorelbine on the market. In the U.S., in May 2010 (but subject to any period of pediatric exclusivity that may be granted in the future), patent protection ends for docetaxel and, in November 2013, patent protection ends for Taxotere. We are aware of two leading generics companies that each have developed or acquired a formulation of docetaxel and have certified that, after May 2010, their respective formulations of docetaxel will not infringe any unexpired Taxotere patents.

 

Under our current regulatory strategy, because we anticipate submitting NDAs with only bioequivalence data, the ability to differentiate our products from competitor products will be limited. Even if we believe our products demonstrate clinical or pharmacoeconomic benefits, we may be unable to market our products based on these benefits. If our products fail to obtain separate HCPCS codes, we may be required to price our products at levels that do not cover our costs to manufacture, market and distribute the products or provide any profit, or to price our products at levels at which they are not competitive.

 

In addition, numerous companies are focused on reformulating currently marketed drugs. In particular, the taxanes, the class of drugs of which Taxotere is a member, have experienced substantial commercial success, in part as a result of their effectiveness in treating a wide variety of cancers. This commercial success has generated significant interest in reformulating Taxotere and other taxanes. In addition to our approach of emulsifying docetaxel, other companies are pursuing alternative delivery vehicles, including the use of albumin nanoparticles, prodrugs, polyglutamates, analogs, co-solvents, liposomes and microspheres. Many of these or similar approaches could be applied to vinorelbine. Relative to our formulations, formulations based on one or more of these other methods may result in greater efficacy or safety, provide better drug delivery to tumor sites or otherwise improve benefits to patients and healthcare providers. For instance, there is an oral formulation of vinorelbine approved for use in the EU against which we would compete if our emulsion formulation of vinorelbine were approved for use in the EU.

 

Over the longer term, our ability, independently or with a strategic or other partner, to successfully manufacture, market, distribute and sell any of our or their approved products, expand their usage and bring new products to the marketplace will depend on many factors, including, but not limited to, the effectiveness and safety of those products, FDA and foreign regulatory agencies’ approvals of new products and indications, the degree of patent protection afforded to particular products and the rates at which those products are reimbursed.

Manufacturing

 

We do not have our own manufacturing facilities. We meet our preclinical and clinical trial manufacturing requirements (including manufacturing active pharmaceutical ingredient, or API, formulating and assembling final drug product, labeling, testing and release, packaging, storing API and finished drug product and similar activities) by establishing relationships with third-party manufacturers and other service providers to perform these services for us. In the past, we relied on individual proposals and purchase orders to meet our needs and typically relied on terms and conditions proposed by the third party or us to govern our rights and obligations under each order (including provisions with respect to intellectual property, if any). In 2008, we entered into a master services agreement with a new contract manufacturer, as well as individual work orders that are governed by the master services agreement, under which the manufacturer will provide process development and scale-up activities for ANX-530 and ANX-514. We do not have any long-term agreements or commitments for these services. Likewise, we do not have any long-term agreements or commitments with vendors to supply the underlying component materials of our product candidates, some of which are available from only a single supplier. In January 2009, as part of on-going cost-containment measures, we substantially reduced or delayed spending on third-party consulting and vendor services, including contract manufacturing. In March 2009, we suspended substantially all of our development activities and fundamental business operations to provide additional time to consummate a strategic transaction or otherwise obtain financing. In June 2009, following the completion of an equity financing, we resumed the final manufacturing activities related to submitting an NDA for ANX-530.

 

Should any of our product candidates obtain marketing approval, relationships with third-party manufacturers and other service providers in connection with the commercial production of our products would need to be established. There is some flexibility in securing other manufacturers to produce our product candidates; however, our alternatives may be limited due to proprietary technologies or methods used in the manufacture of some of our product candidates. In addition, if we seek to make certain changes to an approved product, such as changing vendors who supply the underlying component materials of our product candidates, we may need FDA review and approval before the change can be implemented.

 

Intellectual Property

 

ANX-530 (vinorelbine emulsion)

 

We own world-wide rights (excluding China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan) to patent applications covering the composition and use of our vinorelbine emulsion product candidate, subject to the exclusive license we granted to Latitude Pharmaceuticals (described below under “Licensing Agreement”). Patent applications, entitled “Compositions for Delivering Highly Water Soluble Drugs,” currently are pending in the U.S., Canada, and 13 additional countries, and regional patent applications are pending in the European Patent Office and Eurasian Patent Office. These applications have a priority date of July 12, 2004, and any patents granted thereon will have an expected expiration date of July 2024 in the U.S. and July 2025 in the other countries.

 

ANX-514 (docetaxel emulsion)

 

We own world-wide rights (excluding China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan) to patent applications covering the composition and use of our docetaxel emulsion product candidate for the treatment of cancer, subject to the exclusive license we granted to Latitude Pharmaceuticals (described below under “Licensing Agreement”). Patent applications, entitled “Low Oil Emulsion Compositions for Delivering Taxoids and Other Insoluble Drugs,” currently are pending in the U.S., Canada and 9 additional countries, and a regional patent application is pending in the European Patent Office. These applications have a priority date of September 28, 2004, and any patents granted thereon will have an expected expiration date of September 2024 in the U.S. and September 2025 in the other countries. Patent applications, entitled “Vitamin E Succinate Stabilized Pharmaceutical Compositions, Methods for the Preparation and Use Thereof,” currently are pending in the U.S., Canada and 8 additional countries, and regional patent applications are pending in the European Patent Office and the Eurasian Patent Office. These applications have a priority date of February 1, 2006, and any patents granted thereon will have an expected expiration date in February 2027.

 

We are aware of a substantial number of patents issued and patent applications filed in our technical areas or fields. There is a risk that third parties may allege that they have patent rights encompassing our product candidates

or methods and no assurance can be given that patents do not exist, have not been filed, or could not be filed or issued, which contain claims covering our product candidates or methods.

 

We cannot provide assurance that our pending patent applications will issue as patents, that any issued patents will provide us with significant competitive advantages, or that the validity or enforceability of any of our patents will not be challenged or, if instituted, that these challenges will not be successful. The cost of litigation to uphold the validity and prevent infringement of our patents could be substantial. Furthermore, we cannot provide assurance that others will not independently develop similar technologies or duplicate our technologies or design around the patented aspects of our technologies. We can provide no assurance that our proposed technologies will not infringe patents or rights owned by others, licenses to which might not be available to us.

 

In addition, the approval process for patent applications in different countries may differ significantly. The patent authorities in each country administer that country’s laws and regulations relating to patents independently of the laws and regulations of any other country and the patents must be sought and obtained separately, which can add substantial cost and expense. In addition, a favorable outcome or approval in one country does not necessarily indicate that a favorable outcome or approval can be obtained in other countries.

 

Research and Development

 

Our research and development expenses were $17.9 million in 2008 and $15.9 million in 2007. Our research and development expenses consist primarily of salaries and related employee benefits, costs associated with bioequivalence and clinical trials managed by contract research organizations, or CROs, and costs associated with non-clinical activities, such as research-related manufacturing, preclinical research studies, quality assurance and regulatory activities. In 2007, our most significant costs were for bioequivalence and clinical trials and, in 2008 our most significant costs were for research-related manufacturing, including the cost of API and other raw materials and components. Our bioequivalence and clinical trial expenses include payments to vendors such as CROs, investigators, clinical suppliers and related consulting. Our research-related manufacturing expenses include purchasing API, manufacturing materials for bioequivalence and clinical trials and stability testing to support regulatory filings and related labeling, testing and release, packaging and storing.

 

Our research and development expenses in the first and second quarters of 2009 have decreased substantially relative to the comparable periods in 2008. For example, our research and development expenses decreased by $3.1 million, or 68%, for the three-months ended June 30, 2009, compared to the comparable period in 2008, and by $5.2 million, or 63%, for the six months ended June 30, 2009, compared to the comparable period in 2008. However, we expect our prior cost-containment activities will be offset, in part or entirely, by costs related to our re-started activities related to ANX-530 and ANX-514.

 

Licensing Agreement

 

SD Pharmaceuticals

 

In April 2006, we acquired SD Pharmaceuticals, Inc. in exchange for shares of our common stock. Under a prior license agreement between SD Pharmaceuticals, Latitude Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Andrew X. Chen, the sole owner of Latitude Pharmaceuticals, Dr. Chen had assigned to SD Pharmaceuticals all rights and interests of Dr. Chen and Latitude Pharmaceuticals to certain patents throughout the world other than in China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan. Under this agreement, SD Pharmaceuticals granted back to Latitude Pharmaceuticals a worldwide, exclusive, royalty-free and irrevocable license to use the assigned patents in all fields of use other than certain excluded fields as specified in the agreement. Our rights in ANX-530 and ANX-514 arise through our interest in SD Pharmaceuticals. Accordingly, we have no rights in these product candidates in China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, and our rights under the assigned patents in the rest of the world are limited to the following fields:

 

 

Government Regulations

 

Governmental authorities in the U.S. and other countries extensively regulate the testing, manufacturing, labeling, storage, recordkeeping, advertising, promotion, export, marketing and distribution, among other things, of pharmaceutical products. In the U.S., the FDA, under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, or FDCA, and other federal statutes and regulations, subjects pharmaceutical products to rigorous review. If we do not comply with applicable requirements, we may be fined, the government may refuse to approve our marketing applications or allow us to manufacture or market our products, and we may be criminally prosecuted.

 

We and our third-party manufacturers, distributors and CROs may also be subject to regulations under other federal, state, and local laws, including the Occupational Safety and Health Act, the Environmental Protection Act, the Clean Air Act, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, privacy laws and import, export and customs regulations as well as the laws and regulations of other countries.

 

FDA Approval Process

 

To obtain approval of a new product from the FDA, we must, among other requirements, submit data supporting safety and efficacy as well as detailed information on the manufacture and composition of the product and proposed labeling. The testing and collection of data and the preparation of necessary applications are expensive and time-consuming. The FDA may not act quickly or favorably in reviewing these applications, and we may encounter significant difficulties or costs in our efforts to obtain FDA approvals that could delay or preclude us from marketing our products.

 

The process required by the FDA before a new drug may be marketed in the U.S. generally involves the following: completion of preclinical laboratory and animal testing in compliance with FDA regulations; submission of an investigational new drug application, which must become effective before human clinical trials may begin; performance of adequate and well-controlled human clinical trials to establish the safety and efficacy of the proposed drug for its intended use; and submission and approval of an NDA by the FDA. The sponsor typically conducts human clinical trials in three sequential phases, but the phases may overlap. In phase 1 clinical trials, the product is tested in a small number of patients or healthy volunteers, primarily for safety at one or more doses. In phase 2, in addition to safety, the sponsor evaluates the efficacy of the product on targeted indications, and identifies possible adverse effects and safety risks, in a patient population somewhat larger than phase 1 clinical trials. Phase 3 clinical trials typically involve additional testing for safety and clinical efficacy in an expanded population at geographically-dispersed test sites.

 

As a product candidate moves through the clinical phases, manufacturing processes are further defined, refined, controlled and validated. The level of control and validation required by the FDA increases as clinical studies progress.

 

Clinical trials must be conducted in accordance with the FDA’s good clinical practices requirements. The FDA may order the temporary or permanent discontinuation of a clinical trial at any time or impose other sanctions if it believes that the clinical trial is not being conducted in accordance with FDA requirements or presents an unacceptable risk to the clinical trial patients. An institutional review board, or IRB, generally must approve the clinical trial design and patient informed consent at each clinical site and may also require the clinical trial at that site to be halted, either temporarily or permanently, for failure to comply with the IRB’s requirements, or may impose other conditions.

 

The applicant must submit to the FDA the results of the preclinical and clinical trials, together with, among other things, detailed information on the manufacture and composition of the product and proposed labeling, in the form of an NDA, including payment of a user fee. The FDA reviews all NDAs submitted before it accepts them for filing and may request additional information rather than accepting an NDA for filing. Once the submission is accepted for filing, the FDA begins an in-depth review of the NDA. Under the Prescription Drug User Fee Act, or PDUFA, the FDA ordinarily has 10 months in which to complete its initial review of the NDA and respond to the applicant. However, the PDUFA goal dates are not legal mandates and the FDA response often occurs several months beyond the original goal date. The review process and the target response date under PDUFA may be extended if the FDA requests or the NDA sponsor otherwise provides additional information or clarification

regarding information already provided in the submission. Following completion of the FDA’s initial review of the NDA and the clinical and manufacturing procedures and facilities, the FDA will issue an complete response or action letter, which will either include an approval authorizing commercial marketing of the drug for certain indications or contain the conditions that must be met in order to secure final approval of the NDA. If the FDA’s evaluation of the NDA submission and the clinical and manufacturing procedures and facilities is not favorable, the FDA may refuse to approve the NDA.

 

Section 505(b)(2) New Drug Applications

 

As an alternate path to FDA approval for new formulations of previously approved products, a company may file an NDA under Section 505(b)(2) of the FDCA. Section 505(b)(2) was enacted as part of the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, otherwise known as the Hatch-Waxman Act. Section 505(b)(2) permits the submission of an NDA where at least some of the information required for approval comes from studies not conducted by or for the applicant and for which the applicant has not obtained a right of reference. The Hatch-Waxman Act permits the applicant to rely upon certain published preclinical or clinical studies conducted for an approved product or the FDA’s conclusions from prior review of such studies. The FDA may also require companies to perform additional studies or measurements to support the change from the approved product. The FDA may then approve the new product for all or some of the label indications for which the referenced product has been approved, as well as for any new indication sought by the Section 505(b)(2) applicant. While references to preclinical and clinical data not generated by the applicant or for which the applicant does not have a right of reference are allowed, all development, process, stability, qualification and validation data related to the manufacturing and quality of the new product must be included in an NDA submitted under Section 505(b)(2) of the FDCA. Our regulatory strategy for both ANX-530 and ANX-514 involves submitting NDAs under Section 505(b)(2).

 

To the extent that the Section 505(b)(2) applicant is relying on the FDA’s conclusions regarding studies conducted for an already approved product, the applicant is required to certify to the FDA concerning any patents listed for the approved product in the FDA’s Orange Book publication. Specifically, the applicant must certify that: (i) the required patent information has not been filed; (ii) the listed patent has expired; (iii) the listed patent has not expired, but will expire on a particular date and approval is sought after patent expiration; or (iv) the listed patent is invalid or will not be infringed by the new product. A certification that the new product will not infringe the already approved product’s listed patents or that such patents are invalid is called a paragraph IV certification. If the applicant does not challenge the listed patents, the Section 505(b)(2) application will not be approved until all the listed patents claiming the referenced product have expired. The Section 505(b)(2) application also will not be approved until any non-patent exclusivity, such as exclusivity for obtaining approval of a new chemical entity, listed in the Orange Book for the referenced product has expired.

 

If the applicant has provided a paragraph IV certification to the FDA, the applicant must also send notice of the paragraph IV certification to the NDA and patent holders for the referenced product once the applicant’s NDA has been accepted for filing by the FDA. The NDA and patent holders may then initiate a legal challenge to the paragraph IV certification. The filing of a patent infringement lawsuit within 45 days of their receipt of a paragraph IV certification automatically prevents the FDA from approving the Section 505(b)(2) NDA until the earlier of 30 months, expiration of the patent, settlement of the lawsuit or a decision in the infringement case that is favorable to the Section 505(b)(2) applicant. Thus, the Section 505(b)(2) applicant may invest a significant amount of time and expense in the development of its products only to be subject to significant delay and patent litigation before its products may be commercialized. Alternatively, if the listed patent holder does not file a patent infringement lawsuit within the required 45-day period, the applicant’s NDA will not be subject to the 30-month stay. A paragraph IV certification would be required in connection with a Section 505(b)(2) NDA for ANX-514 that is filed before November 2013.

 

Other Regulatory Requirements

 

Even if the FDA approves one or more of our product candidates, we will continue to be subject to a number of post-approval regulatory requirements. If we seek to make certain changes to an approved product, such as the addition of a new labeled indication or making certain manufacturing changes or product enhancements, we will

need FDA review and approval before the change can be implemented. While physicians may use products for indications that have not been approved by the FDA, we may not label or promote the product for an indication that has not been approved. Securing FDA approval for new indications or product enhancements and, in some cases, for labeling claims or changes in manufacturing, is generally a time-consuming and expensive process that may require us to conduct clinical studies under the FDA’s investigational new drug regulations. Even if such studies are conducted, the FDA may not approve any change in a timely fashion, or at all. In addition, adverse experiences associated with use of the products must be reported to the FDA, and FDA rules govern how we can label, advertise or otherwise commercialize our products. The FDA also may, in its discretion, require post-marketing testing and surveillance to monitor the effects of approved products or place conditions on any approvals that could restrict the commercial applications of these products.

 

In addition to FDA restrictions on marketing of pharmaceutical products, several other types of state and federal laws have been applied to restrict certain marketing practices in the pharmaceutical industry in recent years. These laws include anti-kickback statutes and false claims statutes. The federal healthcare program anti-kickback statute prohibits, among other things, knowingly and willfully offering, paying, soliciting or receiving remuneration to induce or in return for purchasing, leasing, ordering or arranging for the purchase, lease or order of any healthcare item or service reimbursable under Medicare, Medicaid or other federally financed healthcare programs. This statute has been interpreted to apply to arrangements between pharmaceutical manufacturers on the one hand and prescribers, purchasers and formulary managers on the other. Violations of the anti-kickback statute are punishable by imprisonment, criminal fines, civil monetary penalties and exclusion from participation in federal healthcare programs. Although there are a number of statutory exemptions and regulatory safe harbors protecting certain common activities from prosecution or other regulatory sanctions, the exemptions and safe harbors are drawn narrowly, and practices that involve remuneration intended to induce prescribing, purchases or recommendations may be subject to scrutiny if they do not qualify for an exemption or safe harbor.

 

Federal false claims laws prohibit any person from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, a false claim for payment to the federal government, or knowingly making, or causing to be made, a false statement to have a false claim paid. Recently, several pharmaceutical and other healthcare companies have been prosecuted under these laws for allegedly inflating drug prices they report to pricing services, which in turn are used by the government to set Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement rates, and for allegedly providing free product to customers with the expectation that the customers would bill federal programs for the product. In addition, certain marketing practices, including off-label promotion, may also violate false claims laws. The majority of states also have statutes or regulations similar to the federal anti-kickback law and false claims laws, which apply to items and services reimbursed under Medicaid and other state programs, or, in several states, apply regardless of the payor.

 

In addition, we and the third-party manufacturers on which we rely for the manufacture of our products or their respective underlying components (including API) are subject to requirements that drugs be manufactured, packaged and labeled in conformity with current Good Manufacturing Practices promulgated by the FDA, or cGMP. To comply with cGMP requirements, manufacturers must continue to spend time, money and effort to meet requirements relating to personnel, facilities, equipment, production and process, labeling and packaging, quality control, recordkeeping and other requirements. The FDA periodically inspects drug manufacturing facilities to evaluate compliance with cGMP requirements.

 

Also, as part of the sales and marketing process, pharmaceutical companies frequently provide samples of approved drugs to physicians. This practice is regulated by the FDA and other governmental authorities, including, in particular, requirements concerning recordkeeping and control procedures.

 

Outside of the U.S., the ability to market our products will also depend on receiving marketing authorizations from the appropriate regulatory authorities. The foreign regulatory approval process includes all of the risks associated with the FDA approval described above. In addition, the requirements governing the conduct of clinical trials and marketing authorization vary widely from country to country, and the time may be longer or shorter than that required for FDA approval. In addition, regulatory approval of prices is required in most countries other than the U.S. We face the risk that the resulting prices would be insufficient to generate an acceptable return to us or any collaborator of ours.

Employees

 

We have two employees, our chief business officer and senior vice president and our general counsel, secretary and vice president, legal, both of whom are full-time. Our employees are not unionized and we believe that our relationship with our employees is good. We engage a number of consultants, vendors and contract organizations to assist us with our research and development activities, including research-related manufacturing and regulatory affairs, and our selling, general and administrative activities, such as finance, accounting, human resources, marketing, legal and investor relations.

 

Legal Proceedings

 

In the normal course of business, we may become subject to lawsuits and other claims and proceedings. Such matters are subject to uncertainty and outcomes are often not predictable with assurance. We are not currently involved in any material legal proceedings.

 

Facilities

 

Our offices are located at 6725 Mesa Ridge Road, San Diego, California 92121. Our offices consist of 3,173 square feet of office space, which we use pursuant to a lease that will expire on May 31, 2010. The average base rent for this space currently is approximately $3,700 per month.

 

Available Information

 

Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and all amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 are available free of charge on our corporate website (www.adventrx.com) as soon as reasonably practicable after they are filed with, or furnished to, the Securities and Exchange Commission.

 

Management and Board of Directors

 

Our executive officers and directors, their ages and positions as of September 21, 2009 are as follows:

 

 

Executive Officers

 

Brian M. Culley, M.S., M.B.A. Mr. Culley currently is the Company’s principal executive officer, a position he has held since February 2009, and chief business officer and a senior vice president, positions he has held since January 2007. Mr. Culley served as vice president, business development since joining the Company in December 2004, and was appointed senior vice president, business development in February 2006. From 2002 until 2004, Mr. Culley managed all strategic collaborations and licensing agreements for iTherx, Inc. (formerly, Immusol, Inc.) in San Diego, where his most recent title was director of business development and marketing. From 1999 until 2000, he was a licensing and marketing associate at the University of California, San Diego, department of technology transfer & intellectual property services and from 1996 to 1999, he was a research associate for Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., where he performed drug discovery research. Mr. Culley has over 15 years of experience in the biotechnology industry, including deal structure and negotiation, licensing, due diligence, market and competitive research, and venture funding. He received a B.S. in biology from Boston College, an M.S. in biochemistry from the University of California, Santa Barbara and an M.B.A. from The Johnson School of Business at Cornell University with an emphasis on private equity and entrepreneurship.

 

Patrick L. Keran, J.D. Mr. Keran currently is the Company’s principal financial and accounting officer, a position he has held since July 2009, general counsel, a position he has held since August 2006, secretary, a position he has held since September 2006, and vice president, legal, a position he has held since January 2007. From April 2004 to August 2006, Mr. Keran was associate general counsel at Isis Pharmaceuticals, a publicly held drug discovery and development company. From February 2003 to April 2004, Mr. Keran practiced corporate law at the law firm of Heller Ehrman LLP, specializing in public and private financings, licensing arrangements, mergers and acquisitions and corporate governance matters. From September 1999 to February 2003, Mr. Keran practiced law at the law firm of Brobeck Phleger & Harrison LLP where he had a similar corporate practice. Mr. Keran is licensed to practice law in the State of California. Mr. Keran received a B.A. from the University of California at San Diego and a J.D. from the University of California at Berkeley, Boalt Hall School of Law.

 

Board of Directors

 

Jack Lief. Mr. Lief has served as a director since September 2006 and as chair of the Board since May 2007. Mr. Lief is a co-founder and since April 1997 has served as president, chief executive officer and a director of Arena Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a publicly held clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on the discovery, development and commercialization of small molecule drugs targeting G protein-coupled receptors. From 1995 to April 1997, Mr. Lief served as an advisor and consultant to numerous biopharmaceutical organizations. From 1989 to 1994, Mr. Lief served as senior vice president, corporate development and secretary of Cephalon, Inc., a biopharmaceutical company. From 1983 to 1989, Mr. Lief served as director of business development and strategic planning for Alpha Therapeutic Corporation, a manufacturer of biological products. Mr. Lief joined Abbott Laboratories, a pharmaceutical company, in 1972, where he served until 1983, most recently as the head of

international marketing research. Mr. Lief is a director of Accumetrics, Inc., a developer and marketer of diagnostic tests, ReqMed Company, Ltd., a provider of partnering opportunities, R&D strategies and bio-venture funding, and TaiGen Biotechnology Co., Ltd., a biotechnology company. Mr. Lief is also an executive board member of BIOCOM, a life science industry association representing more than 450 member companies in San Diego and Southern California, and he was the chairman of BIOCOM from March 2005 to March 2006. Mr. Lief holds a B.A. from Rutgers University and an M.S. in Psychology (Experimental and Neurobiology) from Lehigh University.

 

Alexander J. Denner, Ph.D. Dr. Denner has served as a director since October 2006. Dr. Denner currently serves as managing director of entities affiliated with Carl C. Icahn, including Icahn Partners, Icahn Master, Icahn Master II and Icahn Master III. Icahn Partners, Icahn Master, Icahn Master II and Icahn Master III are private investment funds. Dr. Denner has served in this position since August 2006. From April 2005 to May 2006, Dr. Denner served as a portfolio manager specializing in healthcare investments for Viking Global Investors. Previously, he served in a variety of roles at Morgan Stanley, beginning in 1996, including as portfolio manager of healthcare and biotechnology mutual funds. Dr. Denner is a director of Biogen Idec Inc., a publicly held global biotechnology company that creates new standards of care in therapeutic areas with high unmet medical needs, Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a publicly held biopharmaceutical company committed to improving the lives of people with diabetes, obesity and other diseases through the discovery, development and commercialization of innovative medicines, and Enzon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, a publicly held biopharmaceutical company. Dr. Denner was the chairman of the executive committee of ImClone Systems Incorporated, a publicly held biopharmaceutical company, and a director from April 2006 until the company was purchased in November 2008. Dr. Denner received his S.B. degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and his M.S., M.Phil. and Ph.D. degrees from Yale University. Dr. Denner was nominated by, among others, entities affiliated with Carl C. Icahn. Information regarding the arrangement by which Dr. Denner was selected as a director is located below under “Director Arrangements.”

 

Michael M. Goldberg, M.D. Dr. Goldberg has served as a director since January 2004. Dr. Goldberg currently is a managing partner of Montaur Capital Partners, an investment firm, a position he has held since January 2007. From August 1990 to January 2007, Dr. Goldberg was chairman and chief executive officer of Emisphere Technologies, Inc., a biopharmaceutical company. Prior to this, Dr. Goldberg was a vice president for The First Boston Corporation, where he was a founding member of the Healthcare Banking Group. He received a B.S. from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, an M.D. from Albany Medical College of Union University and an M.B.A. from Columbia University Graduate School of Business.

 

Mark J. Pykett, Ph.D., M.B.A., V.M.D. Dr. Pykett has served as a director since February 2004. Dr. Pykett currently is president and chief operating officer of Alseres Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (formerly Boston Life Sciences, Inc.), positions he has held since November 2004. From May 1996 until April 2003, Dr. Pykett served as president and chief executive officer and a director of Cytomatrix, LLC, a privately held biotechnology company focused on the research, development and commercialization of novel cell-based therapies that Dr. Pykett co-founded. Cytomatrix was acquired by Cordlife, Pte. Ltd., a subsidiary of CyGenics Ltd., a publicly held biotechnology company listed on the Australian Stock Exchange. From April 2003 to February 2004, Dr. Pykett served as president of Cordlife and then as president and director of CyGenics from February 2004 until November 2004. In addition, Dr. Pykett served as a director of Cordlife from April 2003 through November 2005 and a director of Oramax, LLC, a development stage dental implant company developing biomaterials for dental prostheses, from 2000 through 2006. Dr. Pykett graduated Phi Beta Kappa, Summa Cum Laude from Amherst College, holds a veterinary degree, Phi Zeta, Summa Cum Laude, a doctorate in molecular biology from the University of Pennsylvania, and received an M.B.A., Beta Gamma Sigma, from Northeastern University. He completed post-doctoral fellowships at the University of Pennsylvania and Harvard University. Dr. Pykett held an adjunct faculty position at the Harvard School of Public Health from 1997 to 2004.

 

Eric K. Rowinsky, M.D.  Dr. Rowinsky has served as a director since February 2008. Dr. Rowinsky currently is chief medical officer, a position he has held since February 2005, and executive vice president, a position he has held since December 2007, of ImClone Systems Incorporated, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company. Dr. Rowinsky held the position of director of the Institute of Drug Development (“IDD”) at the Cancer Therapy and Research Center from 2002 to 2004 and was the director of clinical research at the IDD from 1996 to 2002. In addition, he held the SBC Endowed Chair for Early Drug Development at the IDD. From 1996 to 2006,

Dr Rowinsky was also a clinical professor of medicine (division of medical oncology) at the University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas. Dr. Rowinsky also served as an associate professor of oncology at Johns Hopkins University from 1988 until 1996. He served on the Board of Scientific Counselors of the National Cancer Institute from 2004 to 2007. Dr. Rowinsky received a B.A. degree from New York University and an M.D. degree from the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine. Following his residency in internal medicine, he completed fellowship training in medical oncology at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.

 

There are no family relationships among any of the Company’s directors or executive officers.

 

Director Arrangements

 

Pursuant to that certain Rights Agreement, dated July 27, 2005, as amended, or the Rights Agreement, we are required to cause our board of directors to nominate to our board of directors an individual, who we refer to as the Purchaser Designee, selected by the “Purchasers” who at the time own a majority of the “Purchased Shares.” Dr. Denner is the current Purchaser Designee. “Purchasers,” as defined in the Rights Agreement, refers to those entities that purchased our common stock and warrants in a private transaction in July 2005. “Purchased Shares,” as defined in the Rights Agreement, refers to those shares of common stock outstanding and issuable upon exercise of warrants issued to the Purchasers in connection with July 2005 transaction. The Purchasers’ right to select a Purchaser Designee for nomination to our board of directors shall terminate upon the earlier of (i) July 27, 2012, (ii) the date that the Purchasers’ aggregate holdings of Purchased Shares (either of record or beneficially) is, as a result of sales or other dispositions thereof, equal to less than 50% of the aggregate number of shares purchased by the Purchasers in connection with the July 2005 transaction, and (iii) at the time of a change of control of our company.

 

Pursuant to that certain Third Amendment to Rights Agreement, dated August 26, 2009, the Rights Agreement was amended to allow our board of directors, in the event a director resigns from our board of directors and any resulting vacancy is not filled by a majority of our board of directors then in office, which majority includes the Purchaser Designee, if there is then a Purchaser Designee, to decrease the authorized number of directors to the number of directors then in office (including for this purpose the appointment of a director to fill any vacancy resulting from such resignation) and, from time to time, to increase the number of authorized directors provided that any vacancy created by such an increase is filled by a majority of our board of directors then in office, which majority includes the Purchaser Designee, if there is then a Purchaser Designee. Following the resignation of Mr. Bagnall as a member of our board of directors in August 2009, our board of directors set the authorized number of directors constituting our board of directors at five.

 

Board Composition

 

Our bylaws allow the authorized number of directors to be not less than three or more than nine; currently, the size of our board of directors is set at five. Each of our directors serves a one-year term and is elected at each year’s annual meeting of stockholders. Our board of directors has determined that Dr. Denner, Dr. Goldberg, Mr. Lief, Dr. Pykett and Dr. Rowinsky are “independent” under the rules of the NYSE Amex. Before his employment by us in April 2008, Mr. Bagnall was also “independent” under the rules of the NYSE Amex. Under applicable rules of the NYSE Amex and the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, the existence of certain transactions above certain thresholds between a director and our company are required to be disclosed and preclude a finding by our board of directors that the director is independent. In addition to transactions required to be disclosed under the NYSE Amex and SEC rules, in making its independence determination with respect to Dr. Denner, our board of directors considered Dr. Denner’s position with entities affiliated with Mr. Icahn and such entities’ (a) ownership position in our company and (b) rights under the Rights Agreement, pursuant to which such entities, along with others, are, among other things, entitled to participate in future sales by us of additional securities and cause our board of directors to nominate to our board of directors an individual selected by them. After considering these relationships and transactions, our board of directors concluded that they did not interfere with Dr. Denner’s ability to exercise independent judgment in carrying out his responsibilities as a member of our board of directors.

Meetings and Meeting Attendance

 

During 2008, our board of directors met seventeen times, the audit committee of our board of directors met seven times and action was taken by unanimous written consent once, the compensation committee of our board of directors met seven times, the nominating and governance committee of our board of directors met three times and action was taken by unanimous written consent once and the research and development committee of our board of directors met three times. During 2008, each member of our board of directors nominated for re-election attended 75% or more of the aggregate of (i) the total number of meetings of our board of directors held during the period of such member’s service and (ii) the total number of meetings of committees on which such member served, during the period of such member’s service, except that Dr. Goldberg attended five, or approximately 71%, of the total number of audit committee meetings held during 2008. We encourage all directors to attend our annual stockholder meetings. Messrs. Bagnall, Levine and Lief attended our 2008 annual meeting of stockholders and Mr. Lief attended our 2009 annual meeting of stockholders.

 

Committees of the Board

 

Our board of directors currently has standing audit, compensation and nominating and governance committees. In February 2008, the Board created a research and development committee.

 

Audit Committee.  The audit committee currently consists of Mr. Lief (chair), Dr. Goldberg and Dr. Pykett. During 2008 until his employment by us in April 2008, Mr. Bagnall served as a member and chair of the audit committee. Our board of directors has determined that all members of the audit committee are independent directors and meet the eligibility standards for audit committee service under the rules of the NYSE Amex. Our board of directors has determined that Mr. Lief qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert” as defined by the rules of the SEC. The purpose of the audit committee is to oversee our accounting and financial reporting processes and audits of our financial statements. The responsibilities of the audit committee include appointing and providing for the compensation of the independent accountants to conduct the annual audit of our accounts, reviewing the scope and results of the independent audits, reviewing and evaluating internal accounting policies, and approving all professional services to be provided to us by our independent accountants. The audit committee is governed by a written charter approved by our board of directors.

 

Compensation Committee.  The compensation committee currently consists of Dr. Goldberg (chair), Dr. Denner and Mr. Lief. During 2008 until May 2008, Dr. Pykett served as a member of the compensation committee. Our board of directors has determined that all members of the compensation committee are independent directors under the rules of the NYSE Amex. The compensation committee administers our benefit plans, reviews, approves and administers all compensation arrangements for executives, and establishes and reviews general policies relating to the compensation and benefits of our executives and other personnel. The compensation committee meets several times a year and consults with independent compensation consultants, as it deems appropriate, to review, analyze and set compensation packages for our executives. The compensation committee is governed by a written charter approved by our board of directors.

 

Under its charter, the compensation committee has authority to determine the amount and form of compensation paid to our chief executive officer, and to take such action, and to direct us to take such action, as is necessary and advisable to compensate our chief executive officer in a manner consistent with its determinations, and shall deliberate and vote on all such actions outside the presence of our chief executive officer. In accordance with its charter, the compensation committee will review at least annually the performance of our chief executive officer, including in light of any goals and objectives established for such performance, and in light of such review determine his or her compensation.

 

The compensation committee has authority to determine the amount and form of compensation paid to our other executives, employees, consultants and advisors and to review the performance of such persons in order to determine appropriate compensation. The compensation committee has authority to take such action, and to direct us to take such action, as is necessary and advisable to compensate such persons and to implement such policies and practices in a manner consistent with its determinations. The compensation committee may delegate its authority on these matters with regard to our non-executive employees to our officers and other appropriate supervisory personnel, subject to applicable law and regulations.

Except with respect to its responsibilities regarding setting compensation for our chief executive officer and our other executives, the compensation committee may delegate its authority to individual members of the compensation committee or other members of our board of directors. In addition, to the extent permitted by applicable law and regulations, the compensation committee may delegate to one or more of our officers (or other appropriate supervisory personnel) the authority to grant stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock units and performance units to employees (who are not officers or members of our board of directors) of ours or of any subsidiary of ours; provided, however that (a) the number of shares of our common stock underlying such options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock units and performance units are consistent with guidelines previously approved by the compensation committee; (b) the per-share exercise or purchase price of such awards equals the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant; and (c) the vesting and other terms that apply to such awards are the same terms as apply under our standard form of agreement under the applicable equity compensation plan, provided that such officer(s) may, in such officer(s)’ discretion, grant awards that are fully vested on the date of grant of the award or grant awards with more restrictive vesting requirements.

 

Historically, including in 2008, our chief executive officer reviewed and assessed the performance of our other executive officers for the preceding year in the first quarter of each year and subsequently made recommendations to the compensation committee regarding the amount and form of those officers’ compensation packages for the current year. The compensation committee generally gives substantial deference to our chief executive officer’s recommendations because the members of that committee generally believe the chief executive officer is in the best position to evaluate the other executive officers’ past performance and anticipated contributions. From September 2004 until the end of his employment relationship with us in October 2008, our chief executive was Mr. Levine. During the first quarter of 2008, Mr. Levine evaluated the 2007 performance of our other executive officers and, based on those officers’ individual performance and anticipated contributions and our 2007 performance and 2008 goals and projections, made recommendations as to 2008 compensation for those executive officers to the compensation committee. The compensation committee took Mr. Levine’s recommendations into consideration, according them substantial deference, in setting the executive officers’ 2008 compensation.

 

In February 2007, the compensation committee retained Frederic W. Cook & Co., Inc., a nationally-recognized compensation consulting firm, to provide an independent evaluation of our compensation practices. The compensation committee retained responsibility and authority over the scope of services provided by F.W. Cook and F.W. Cook reported and was responsible to the compensation committee. In connection with retaining F.W. Cook, the compensation committee charged F.W. Cook with, among other things, conducting a competitive assessment of our executive compensation practices, in particular those applicable to our chief executive officer, which included assisting the compensation committee in identifying a peer group of companies against which to evaluate the competitiveness of our executive compensation packages. In February 2007, F.W. Cook completed its analysis of our chief executive officer’s compensation and, in May 2007, completed its analysis of our other executive officers’ compensation. Other than reviewing with the compensation committee the results of its analysis and providing corresponding written reports, the compensation committee generally did not involve F.W. Cook in its 2007 compensation determinations. In connection with determining 2008 executive compensation, the compensation committee reviewed and evaluated the information previously provided by F.W. Cook and contacted F.W. Cook with certain specific questions, but otherwise did not involve F.W. Cook in its 2008 compensation determinations.

 

Nominating and Governance Committee.  The nominating and governance committee currently consists of Dr. Pykett (chair) and Dr. Rowinsky, each of whom our board of directors has determined is an independent director under the rules of the NYSE Amex. During 2008 and until May 2008, Dr. Goldberg and Mr. Lief served on the nominating and governance committee. The nominating and governance committee’s responsibilities include recommending to our board of directors nominees for possible election to our board of directors and providing oversight with respect to corporate governance and succession planning matters. The nominating and governance committee is governed by a written charter approved by our board of directors.

 

Research and Development Committee.  Currently, the sole member and chair of the research and development committee is Dr. Rowinsky. The research and development committee assists our board of directors in evaluating our basic scientific and manufacturing research, clinical development and regulatory affairs and the allocation of our resources.

Charters for the audit, compensation and nominating and governance committees of our board of directors, as well as our corporate governance guidelines, are posted on our corporate website at: www.adventrx.com.

 

The information contained in this prospectus with respect to the charters of each of the audit committee, the compensation committee, and the nominating and governance committee and the independence of the non-management members of our board of directors shall not be deemed to be “soliciting material” or to be “filed” with the SEC, nor shall the information be incorporated by reference into any future filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, except to the extent that we specifically incorporate it by reference in a filing.

 

Code of Ethics

 

We have adopted a code of ethics that applies to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or persons performing similar functions, as well as all of our other officers, directors and employees. This code of ethics is a part of our code of business conduct and ethics and available on our corporate website at www.adventrx.com. We intend to disclose future amendments to, or waivers of, certain provisions of our code of ethics that apply to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or persons performing similar functions on the above website within four business days following such amendment or waiver.

 

Summary Compensation Table

 

The following table sets forth information concerning compensation earned for services rendered to us during the years ended December 31, 2008 and December 31, 2007 by (i) each individual serving as principal executive officer during 2008, (ii) the two most highly compensated executive officers, other than the individuals serving as the principal executive officer, who were serving as executive officers as of December 31, 2008, and (iii) the individuals who would have qualified under the foregoing clause (ii) but for the fact that such individuals were not serving as executive officers as of December 31, 2008. Collectively, these individuals are referred to as the “Named Executive Officers.”

 

 

 

 

Narrative Disclosure to Summary Compensation Table

 

Current Title and Base Salary; Employment and Severance Arrangements with Currently Employed Named Executive Officers

 

In February 2009, our board of directors appointed Mr. Culley, our chief business officer and senior vice president, to additionally serve as our principal executive officer and, in July 2009, appointed Mr. Keran, our general counsel, secretary and vice president, legal, to additionally serve as our principal financial officer and principal accounting officer. Also, in July 2009, the compensation committee of our board of directors adjusted the annual base salaries of Mr. Culley and Mr. Keran to, respectively, $315,000 and $289,000, which adjustments were retroactive to January 1, 2009.

 

Each of Mr. Culley’s and Mr. Keran’s employment with us is at-will and, as of December 31, 2008, we had no obligation to pay such officer any severance or other benefits, other than as may be required by law, in connection with a termination of employment. In July 2009, we adopted a 2009 mid-year incentive plan and a retention and severance plan. We believe these plans are necessary to incentivize and retain our remaining officers, who are also our remaining employees, and reinforce their dedication to us during a period when they would otherwise likely seek alternative employment. As a part of adopting these plans, we terminated the retention and incentive agreements we entered into with each of Mr. Culley and Mr. Keran in January 2009 and the awards of restricted stock units, representing the right to receive 1,200,000 and 850,000 shares, respectively, of our common stock, that we granted to Mr. Culley and Mr. Keran in January 2009.

 

Under the incentive plan, each of Mr. Culley and Mr. Keran are eligible for incentive awards based upon the achievement of corporate performance objectives in effect at the end of 2009. Awards generally will be paid in cash. The potential award of each of Mr. Culley and Mr. Keran will be based 100% on our achievement of corporate objectives and the target award amount for each of them is $150,000. The target amount of each award may be increased or decreased by multiplying the target amount by a corporate performance multiplier, as will be determined by the compensation committee of our board of directors in the first quarter of 2010. Award multipliers

will range from zero to 1.5. Payment of awards under the incentive plan will be made after December 31, 2009 and on or before March 14, 2010.

 

Under the retention plan, if the employment of Mr. Culley or Mr. Keran, as applicable, terminates at any time as a result of an involuntary termination, and such employee delivers and does not revoke a general release of claims, which will also confirm any post-termination obligations and/or restrictions applicable to such employee, such employee will be entitled to an amount equal to twelve (12) months of such employee’s then-current base salary, less applicable withholdings and an amount equal to the estimated cost of continuing such employee’s health care coverage and the coverage of such employee’s dependents who are covered at the time of the involuntary termination under the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985, as amended, for a period equal to twelve (12) months. These severance benefits will be paid in a lump-sum on the date the general release of claims becomes effective. Our aggregate contractual obligation under the retention plan, including applicable payroll and employer taxes, is approximately $650,000.

 

For purposes of the retention plan, an involuntary termination means (i) without the employee’s express written consent, an action by our board of directors or external events causing or immediately portending a material reduction or alteration of the employee’s duties, position or responsibilities relative to the employee’s duties, position or responsibilities in effect immediately prior to such reduction or alteration, or the removal of the employee from such position, duties or responsibilities; provided, however, that an “involuntary termination” shall not be deemed to occur (a) with respect to Mr. Culley, if Mr. Culley remains the head of and most senior individual within the Company’s (or its successor’s) business development function and (B) with respect to Mr. Keran, if Mr. Keran remains the head of and most senior individual within the Company’s (or its successor’s) legal function; (ii) without the employee’s express written consent, a material reduction by us of the employee’s base salary as in effect immediately prior to such reduction; (iii) without the employee’s express written consent, the relocation of the employee’s principal place of employment with us by more than fifty (50) miles; (iv) any termination of the employee by us without cause (as defined below); or (vi) a material breach of the retention plan, including, but not limited to our failure to obtain the assumption of the retention plan by any successors as contemplated in the retention plan. For purposes of the retention plan, “Cause” means (i) any act of personal dishonesty taken by the employee in connection with his or her responsibilities as an employee which is intended to result in substantial personal enrichment of the employee; (ii) the employee’s conviction of a felony that our board of directors reasonably believes has had or will have a material detrimental effect on our reputation or business; (iii) a willful act by the employee that constitutes misconduct and is materially injurious to us, or (iv) continued willful violations by the employee of the employee’s obligations to us after there has been delivered to the employee a written demand for performance from us that describes the basis for our belief that the employee has not substantially performed his or her duties.

 

In addition, as of December 31, 2008, we had accrued vacation benefits liability for Mr. Culley in the amount of $48,461 and for Mr. Keran in the amount of $30,166. If their employment with us had ended on December 31, 2008, they would have been entitled to payment of those amounts.

 

It is our policy that, at the beginning of employment, all employees sign our standard confidential information, non-solicitation and invention assignment agreement for employees. Under the current version of this agreement, employees agree that, during the period of the employee’s service to us and for one year thereafter, the employee will not (a) solicit any employee or consultant of ours to leave the employ of or terminate any relationship with us or (b) solicit the business of any client or customer of ours using our confidential information. Each of Mr. Culley and Mr. Keran executed such an agreement in connection with the commencement of his employment with us.

 

2008 and 2009 Stock Option Grants

 

On March 31, 2008, the compensation committee granted stock option awards to certain of our non-CEO executives, including a stock option to purchase 200,000 shares to each of Messrs. Culley and Keran and Dr. Robbins. The compensation committee did not grant any stock option awards to Mr. Levine (the reasons for which are described under “Compensation Programs and Process — Elements of Compensation” in the proxy statement we filed with the SEC on April 16, 2008) or Mr. Bagnall, who was then one of our non-employee directors (see “Employment and Separation Arrangements with Mr. Bagnall” below regarding an option granted to him in

April 2008 in connection with commencement of his employment). The March 2008 stock options were granted under our 2005 Equity Incentive Plan, have a term of 10 years, and vest and become exercisable as to one-fifth of the shares subject to the option on each of January 1, 2009, January 1, 2010, January 1, 2011, January 1, 2012 and January 1, 2013. The vesting schedule was recommended by Mr. Levine, then our chief executive officer, and, after substantial discussion, approved by the compensation committee. The per share exercise price of these options is $0.54, which was the closing price of our common stock on March 31, 2008. None of these options currently are in-the-money.

 

On July 21, 2009, the compensation committee granted to each of Mr. Culley and Mr. Keran a stock option to purchase up to 1,700,000 shares of our common stock. The per share exercise price of these options is $0.13, which was the closing price of our common stock on July 21, 2009. The July 2009 stock options were granted under our 2008 Omnibus Incentive Plan, have a term of 10 years, and vest and become exercisable, subject to the respective employee’s continuous service, as to one-fourth of the shares subject to the option on each of January 1, 2010, January 1, 2011, January 1, 2012 and January 1, 2013. However, in the event Mr. Culley or Mr. Keran, as applicable, ceases to provide services to us as an employee by reason of an involuntary termination, exercisability of the then-vested stock options shall be extended such that the stock options shall be exercisable for a period of 12 months from the date of such involuntary termination. In addition, the vesting and exercisability of each option will accelerate or be extended under certain circumstances, including, (i) in the event of a change in control (as defined in our 2008 Omnibus Incentive Plan), acceleration with respect to fifty percent of the then unvested shares on the day prior to the date of the change in control and, subject to the respective employee’s continuous service, with respect to the remaining fifty percent of the then unvested shares on the one year anniversary of the date of the change in control, (ii) subject to the preceding clause (i), in the event of a change of control, to the extent the successor company (or a subsidiary or parent thereof) does not assume or substitute for the option, acceleration in full on the day prior to the date of the change in control if the employee is then providing services or was the subject an involuntary termination in connection with, related to or in contemplation of the change in control and exercisability for a period of 36 months from the date of such involuntary termination, and (iii) subject to the preceding clause (i), in the event of a change of control, to the extent the successor company (or a subsidiary or parent thereof) assumes or substitutes for the option, and in the event of an involuntary termination of the employee within 12 months following the date of the change in control, acceleration in full and exercisability for a period of 36 months from the date of such involuntary termination. For purposes of the July 2009 stock options, the definition of “involuntary termination” is the same as under the retention plan described above.

 

We structured the number of shares underlying and the vesting schedule of the March 2008 stock options and the July 2009 stock options primarily to retain and incentivize our executives, and not primarily as a form of compensation or to recognize individual or corporate performance in 2007 or 2008. In particular, we did not view these awards as typical annual option grants. The compensation committee’s goal in determining the size of these stock option awards was to emphasize unity and cohesion within our executive ranks. The compensation committee intended for, with respect to the March 2008 stock options, our non-CEO executives and, with respect to the July 2009 stock options, our two remaining employees, to share equally in our future success and, accordingly, granted similarly situated executives comparably sized stock option awards.

 

The compensation committee granted these awards to retain and properly incentive the individuals capable of maximizing the potential of our assets. Without a substantial opportunity to participate in our future success, we were concerned that we would be unable to retain key executives. In addition, the annual, cliff-based vesting schedule of the March 2008 stock options and the July 2009 stock options was structured to provide substantial retentive value.

 

As a condition to the grant of the July 2009 stock options, both Mr. Culley and Mr. Keran agreed to terminate the awards of restricted stock units, representing the right to receive 1,200,000 and 850,000 shares, respectively, of our common stock, that we granted to Mr. Culley and Mr. Keran in January 2009.

2007 Bonus to Mr. Levine

 

In March 2008, we evaluated our executives’ 2007 compensation and performance and, consistent with past practice, no cash bonuses for any of our non-CEO executives were approved by the compensation committee. However, the compensation committee awarded Mr. Levine a discretionary cash bonus of $200,000.

 

Mr. Levine’s 2007 bonus was not based on achievement of the corporate objectives previously established by the compensation committee. Following our announcement in October 2007 regarding the results of our phase 2b clinical trial of ANX-510, several of the corporate objectives previously established by the compensation committee became irrelevant or undesirable and the compensation committee did not subsequently revise those objectives. Mr. Levine’s 2007 bonus was awarded in part in recognition of his 2007 performance, but also to compensate him in lieu of our not granting him any stock option awards (the reasons for which are more fully described under “Compensation Programs and Process — Elements of Compensation” in the proxy statement we filed with the SEC on April 16, 2008). Despite our October 2007 announcement regarding the results of our phase 2b clinical trial of ANX-510 and the resulting decline in our stock price, 2007 was marked with several positive achievements. Furthermore, the compensation committee determined that Mr. Levine’s performance in 2007 was exceptional in light of prevailing conditions and that he displayed the leadership and perseverance in the face of adversity that we seek in our executives and wish to reward.

 

In approving Mr. Levine’s 2007 bonus, the compensation committee was sensitive to the perception that it was rewarding Mr. Levine when our stockholders and stock price have suffered. To rebuild value, however, the compensation committee believed it was critical that we retain and properly incentivize Mr. Levine because of the unique qualities that he possesses, as well as to provide continuity to our operations. Based on our successes in 2007 and Mr. Levine’s leadership following our October 2007 clinical trial results announcement, as well as our not granting Mr. Levine any equity awards since 2003, the compensation committee determined that a cash bonus reflecting 80% of Mr. Levine’s target award was appropriate.

 

Separation Arrangements with Mr. Levine

 

In October 2008, Mr. Levine’s employment relationship with us ended and, in December 2008, Mr. Levine resigned from our board of directors. Mr. Levine formerly served as our chief executive officer and president. In December 2008, we entered into a confidential separation agreement and general release of all claims regarding terms of separation with Mr. Levine, or the Levine Separation Agreement.

 

As set forth in the Levine Separation Agreement, in exchange for a mutual release of claims and Mr. Levine’s agreement and representations (as more fully described below), we agreed to provide a severance payment of $225,000 to Mr. Levine. In addition, we agreed to provide a health benefit allowance of $19,870, which Mr. Levine may use, at his discretion, to pay the premiums required to continue his group health care coverage under COBRA or any other health care related expenses. The severance payment and the health benefit allowance were paid in one lump sum, less applicable payroll deductions and required withholdings, in January 2009. In addition, pursuant to the Levine Separation Agreement, we agreed to issue 1,000,000 fully-vested shares of our common stock to Mr. Levine, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions by January 30, 2009, or, if those conditions were not so satisfied, pay Mr. Levine an additional $100,000 in one lump sum, less applicable payroll deductions and required withholdings. In February 2009, because the conditions to our obligation to issue the shares had not been timely satisfied, we paid Mr. Levine an additional $100,000 in one lump sum, less applicable payroll deductions and required withholdings. In November 2008, prior to entering into the Levine Separation Agreement, we paid Mr. Levine a total of $40,000 in four weekly installments ending in December 2008 in exchange for Mr. Levine’s agreement not to sign a confidential separation agreement and general release of all claims that was presented to Mr. Levine on October 19, 2008 to allow time for discussions related to the terms of Mr. Levine’s separation from us and release of claims to continue.

 

Under the Levine Separation Agreement, Mr. Levine represented that he had returned to us all property, data and information belonging to us and agreed not to use or disclose to others any confidential or proprietary information of ours and agreed to comply with his continuing obligations under various agreements and other documents as previously executed by him. In addition, we and Mr. Levine each agreed that neither would make any voluntary statements, written or oral, or cause or encourage others to make any such statements, that defame,

disparage or in any way criticize the personal and/or business reputation, practices or conduct of, respectively, Mr. Levine, on the one hand, or us or our employees, officers and directors, among others, on the other hand. Each of we and Mr. Levine also represented that neither had filed any lawsuits, complaints or other accusatory pleadings against the other. Mr. Levine also certified that all transactions in our securities prior to his separation date and reportable under Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 had been reported on Form 4 and agreed to execute and deliver promptly after December 31, 2008 a document certifying that he is not required to file a Form 5 for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008.

 

Employment and Separation Arrangements with Mr. Bagnall

 

In connection with Mr. Bagnall’s employment as our chief financial officer, executive vice president and treasurer, effective as of April 3, 2008, we entered into an offer letter agreement with Mr. Bagnall. Pursuant to the terms of the offer letter, Mr. Bagnall’s base salary was $350,000 per year and he was entitled to participate in our health and welfare benefits, 401(k) plan and other benefits on the same terms as our other executive officers. In addition, Mr. Bagnall was eligible to participate in our 2008 Incentive Plan, which is discussed under “Executive Officer and Director Compensation — Compensation Discussion and Analysis” in the proxy statement we filed with the SEC on April 16, 2008, on the same basis as our other executive officers. In the event of Mr. Bagnall’s involuntary termination, we agreed to (a) continue to pay Mr. Bagnall’s base salary in effect immediately prior to the effective date of such involuntary termination for the number of months equal to the number of full 30-day periods he was a full-time employee of our, provided that in no event would such number of months exceed 12 (this period is referred to as the Severance Period), (b) pay Mr. Bagnall all costs that we would otherwise have incurred to maintain his health and similar benefits during the Severance Period, and (c) pay Mr. Bagnall the amount of the matching 401(k) contribution that would have been contributed by us based on the amount contributed by Mr. Bagnall in the pay-period immediately prior to the effective date of the involuntary termination. Our obligation to make such payments was conditioned upon Mr. Bagnall’s execution and delivery of a general release of claims and submission of his resignation as a member of our board of directors. If Mr. Bagnall failed to execute and deliver the release of claims or subsequently revoked the release, he would not have been entitled to any of the severance payment. If Mr. Bagnall failed to submit his resignation from our board of directors, he would not have received any severance payment until after our next annual meeting of stockholders for which he was not nominated for election to our board of directors in the proxy materials related to such meeting. On December 11, 2008, the compensation committee of the Board approved amendments to the offer letter intended to make severance benefits payable to Mr. Bagnall exempt from potential deferred compensation tax penalties.

 

In addition, on March 31, 2008, the compensation committee approved a stock option to Mr. Bagnall under our 2005 Equity Incentive Plan to purchase up to 500,000 shares of our common stock, contingent upon the commencement of Mr. Bagnall’s employment with us. Accordingly, this option was granted on April 3, 2008 with an exercise price of $0.52 per share, which was the closing price of our common stock on April 3, 2008. The terms of the option provide that it would vest and become exercisable with respect to 100,000 of the underlying shares on each of January 1, 2009, January 1, 2010, January 1, 2011, January 1, 2012 and January 1, 2013, subject to Mr. Bagnall’s continuous service (as defined in our 2005 Equity Incentive Plan). However, in the event of Mr. Bagnall’s involuntary termination, the option’s vesting schedule would accelerate such that (a) an additional 50,000 shares will vest and become exercisable if the effective date of such involuntary termination occurs between January 1 and June 30 of a given calendar year and (b) an additional 100,000 shares will vest and become exercisable if the effective date of such involuntary termination occurs between July 1 and December 31 of a given calendar year, subject to Mr. Bagnall’s execution and delivery to us of a release of claims and his not revoking such release. In the event of Mr. Bagnall’s death, disability or other termination, the option would be exercisable for 90 days following such event, except that in the event of an involuntary termination, the option would be exercisable for 180 days following such termination, subject to Mr. Bagnall’s execution and delivery to us of a release of claims and his not revoking such release. In addition, in the event of a change of control (as defined in our 2005 Equity Incentive Plan) where Mr. Bagnall was employed by us or one of our affiliates as of the closing date of the change of control and the option was not assumed or replaced, the option would accelerate in full. In the event of Mr. Bagnall’s involuntary termination before and in connection with a change of control, the option would accelerate in full upon the change of control. Finally, in the event of a change of control where the option is assumed or replaced, (i) 50% of any unvested portion of the option would vest immediately prior to the closing date of the change of control, (ii) the

remaining unvested portion of the option would vest ratably by month over the 12-month period beginning on the closing date of the change of control, subject to Mr. Bagnall’s continuous service, and (iii) 100% of any remaining unvested portion of the option would vest upon an involuntary termination of Mr. Bagnall that occurs within 12 months of the change of control. Unless terminated earlier pursuant to its terms, the option would expire on April 2, 2018.

 

For purposes of the offer letter and the stock option granted to Mr. Bagnall, an “involuntary termination” is one that occurs by reason of involuntary dismissal by us for any reason other than misconduct (as defined below) or Mr. Bagnall’s voluntary resignation for “good reason,” which means the occurrence of one of the following events or circumstances without his written consent: (i) a change in position that materially reduces the level of his responsibility, (ii) a material reduction in his base salary, or (iii) relocation by more than 50 miles from his then-primary work location; provided that his resignation shall not be for “good reason” unless (x) he provides us with written notice within 30 days after he first has knowledge of the occurrence or existence of such event or circumstance, (y) we fail to correct the circumstance or event so identified within 30 days after receipt of such written notice, and (z) he resigns within 90 days after the date of delivery of the notice. “Misconduct” means the commission of any act of fraud, embezzlement or dishonesty by Mr. Bagnall, any unauthorized use or disclosure by him of confidential information or trade secrets of ours (or any parent or subsidiary), or any other intentional misconduct by him adversely affecting our business affairs (or those of any parent or subsidiary) in a material manner.

 

In December 2008, Mr. Bagnall’s employment relationship with us ended. In January 2009, we entered into a confidential separation agreement and general release of all claims regarding terms of separation with Mr. Bagnall, or the Bagnall Separation Agreement.

 

As set forth in the Bagnall Separation Agreement, in exchange for a release of claims and Mr. Bagnall’s agreement and representations (as more fully described below), we agreed to provide a severance payment of $165,500 to Mr. Bagnall and each of we and Mr. Bagnall agreed to enter into a consulting relationship. In addition, we agreed to provide a health benefit allowance of $18,352, which Mr. Bagnall may use, at his discretion, to pay the premiums required to continue his group health care coverage under COBRA or any other health care related expenses. The severance payment and the health benefit allowance were paid in one lump sum, less applicable payroll deductions and required withholdings, in January 2009. The severance provisions set forth in the Bagnall Separation Agreement supersede and replace the severance provisions set forth in Mr. Bagnall’s offer letter, which was effective as of April 3, 2008 and amended as of December 11, 2008. Pursuant to the terms of the stock option granted to Mr. Bagnall in April 2008 in connection with the commencement of his employment (as more fully described above), 100,000 shares underlying this option vested and became exercisable immediately prior to Mr. Bagnall’s involuntary termination in December 2008. As a result of Mr. Bagnall’s remaining on our board of directors and providing consulting services to us, Mr. Bagnall has remained in continuous service and this option will continue to vest until such time as Mr. Bagnall is no longer in continuous service. Stock options held by Mr. Bagnall granted to him as a member of our board of directors were unaffected by Mr. Bagnall’s involuntary termination.

 

Under the Bagnall Separation Agreement, Mr. Bagnall represented that he returned to us all property, data and information belonging to us other than is reasonably required by Mr. Bagnall to perform services as a member of our board of directors or is reasonably related to such services or is needed by Mr. Bagnall to provide services as a consultant to us. Mr. Bagnall agreed not to use or disclose to others any confidential or proprietary information of ours, except, as applicable, in connection with Mr. Bagnall’s position as a member of our board of directors or as a consultant to us, in which case such use and disclosure will be governed by such documents, agreements and duties as apply to such positions. Mr. Bagnall further agreed to comply with his continuing obligations under various agreements and other documents as previously executed by him. In addition, Mr. Bagnall agreed that he will not make any voluntary statements, written or oral, or cause or encourage others to make any such statements, that defame, disparage or in any way criticize the personal and/or business reputation, practices or conduct of us or our employees, officers and directors, among others. Mr. Bagnall also represented that he had not filed any lawsuits, complaints or other accusatory pleadings against us and certified that all transactions in our securities prior to his separation date and reportable under Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 had been reported on Form 4 and agreed to execute and deliver promptly after December 31, 2008 a document certifying that he is not required to file a Form 5 for the

fiscal year ended December 31, 2008. Finally, Mr. Bagnall agreed, at the end of the consulting period, to extend and reaffirm the promises made by Mr. Bagnall in the Bagnall Separation Agreement, including the release of claims.

 

In December 2008, we and Mr. Bagnall entered into a consulting agreement. Under the consulting agreement, Mr. Bagnall agreed to provide consulting services on an as-needed basis to assist us in identifying and evaluating strategic options and to respond to inquiries regarding finance and other matters, and we agreed to pay Mr. Bagnall $100 per hour. In February 2009, we and Mr. Bagnall amended the consulting agreement to include services related to Mr. Bagnall acting as our principal financial and accounting officer, and agreed to pay Mr. Bagnall $250 per hour for services provided after such amendment. In July 2009, we terminated the consulting agreement as permitted under the consulting agreement. In 2008, we did not pay or accrue any amount with respect to Mr. Bagnall’s consulting services. We did not pay Mr. Bagnall more than $120,000 under the consulting agreement.

 

In August 2009, Mr. Bagnall resigned as a member of our board of directors and we entered into a new consulting agreement with Mr. Bagnall pursuant to which he agreed to provide consulting services to us. For his services under the consulting agreement, we agreed to pay Mr. Bagnall at a rate of $250 per hour, capped at $25,000, provided, that for each calendar month beginning after August 31, 2009, we must either (i) request a minimum of four hours of services from Mr. Bagnall or (ii) pay Mr. Bagnall for a minimum of four hours of services, or $1000. The consulting agreement became effective immediately prior to Mr. Bagnall’s resignation from our board of directors and, unless earlier terminated pursuant to its terms, terminates on August 31, 2010.

 

Employment and Separation Arrangements with Mr. Hanson

 

In connection with the commencement of Mr. Hanson’s employment in December 2006 as our chief financial officer and a senior vice president, we entered into an offer letter agreement with Mr. Hanson which provided that in the event of Mr. Hanson’s involuntary termination, subject to Mr. Hanson’s execution of a mutual release (which included a nondisparagement provision and a covenant not to sue our company), Mr. Hanson would receive an amount equal to his base salary for the six-month period immediately prior to the effective date of such involuntary termination, payable in six substantially equal installments over the six-month period following such effective date, and we would pay in cash all costs we would otherwise have incurred to maintain Mr. Hanson’s health, welfare and retirement benefits if Mr. Hanson had continued to render services to us for six months after such effective date. In addition, we granted to Mr. Hanson a stock option to purchase up to 250,000 shares of our common stock, which option would vest and become exercisable monthly over 48 months from the vesting start date except that no shares would vest or become exercisable for the first 12 months and, on the 12-month anniversary of the vesting start date, which was December 20, 2007, 25% of the shares would vest and become exercisable. Pursuant to the terms of Mr. Hanson’s December 2006 stock option, in the event of Mr. Hanson’s involuntary termination, and subject to Mr. Hanson’s execution of a general release of claims (which included a nondisparagement provision and a covenant not to sue our company), that number of shares underlying the stock option would vest and become exercisable, effective immediately prior to the effective date of such involuntary termination, as would have vested and become exercisable had Mr. Hanson remained in continuous service (i.e., the absence of any interruption or termination of services as an employee, director or consultant of ours, or any subsidiary) for six months following such effective date, and Mr. Hanson would have 180 days following the effective date of such involuntary termination to exercise this stock option. For purposes of this agreement, an “involuntary termination” meant one that occurred by reason of dismissal for any reason other than misconduct or of voluntary resignation following: (i) a change in position that materially reduced the level of Mr. Hanson’s responsibility, (ii) a material reduction in Mr. Hanson’s base salary, or (iii) relocation by more than 50 miles; provided that (ii) and (iii) will apply only if Mr. Hanson did not consented to the change or relocation. “Misconduct” meant the commission of any act of fraud, embezzlement or dishonesty by Mr. Hanson, any unauthorized use or disclosure by Mr. Hanson of confidential information or trade secrets of ours (or any parent or subsidiary), or any other intentional misconduct by Mr. Hanson adversely affecting our business affairs (or those of any parent or subsidiary) in a material manner.

 

In April 2008, Mr. Hanson’s employment relationship with us ended. In April 2008, we entered into a letter agreement regarding terms of separation with Mr. Hanson. The terms of Mr. Hanson employment separation, as provided in the letter agreement, were substantially identical to those set forth in his offer letter, dated December 13, 2006, and in the stock option agreement relating to the stock option granted to him in December 2006 in connection with the commencement of his employment, both of which are described above.

As set forth in the letter agreement regarding terms of separation, in exchange for a mutual release, beginning in April 2008, we paid Mr. Hanson an aggregate of $125,000, which was equal to six months of Mr. Hanson base salary in effect at the time of termination, less applicable payroll deductions and required withholdings, in substantially equal installments in accordance with our standard payroll practices over 13 pay periods. In addition, we paid Mr. Hanson $20,997, less applicable payroll deductions and required withholdings, which we and Mr. Hanson agreed satisfied in full our obligation to pay all costs that we would otherwise have incurred to maintain Mr. Hanson’s health, welfare and retirement benefits if Mr. Hanson had continued for six continuous months after Mr. Hanson’s termination date. We paid the $20,997 amount in substantially equal installments commencing on and continuing in accordance with the same schedule described above with respect to payment of Mr. Hanson’s base salary. Furthermore, we accelerated the vesting and extended the time to exercise vested shares under the stock option granted to Mr. Hanson in December 2006 in connection with the commencement of his employment. Under this option, Mr. Hanson was granted the right to purchase up to 250,000 shares of our common stock at a price of $2.57 per share, which right was subject to a vesting schedule. As of Mr. Hanson’s termination date, this option was vested as to 78,125 shares and unvested as to 171,875 shares. Pursuant to the letter agreement regarding terms of separation, we accelerated vesting as to 31,250 of the unvested shares, which resulted in this option being vested as to a total of 109,375 shares, and extended the time for Mr. Hanson to exercise the vested shares under this option through September 29, 2008. Mr. Hanson did not exercise the option by September 29, 2008 and, accordingly, it terminated on that date. The closing market price of our common stock on September 29, 2008 was $0.18 per share, while the exercise price of the option was $2.57 per share.

 

Under the letter agreement regarding terms of separation, Mr. Hanson represented that he had returned to us all of our property and data that had been in his possession or control and acknowledged that he will continue to be bound an agreement with us regarding the use and confidentiality of our confidential information and, in particular, that he will hold all of our confidential information in confidence and not directly or indirectly use any aspect of such confidential information. Mr. Hanson also agreed not to make any voluntary statements, written or oral, or cause or encourage others to make any such statements that defame or disparage us and, among others, our officers and directors.

 

In addition, in April 2008, we and Mr. Hanson entered into a consulting agreement and related confidential information and invention assignment agreement. Under the consulting agreement, Mr. Hanson agreed to provide consulting services on an as-needed basis and we agreed to pay Mr. Hanson (a) for the first ten hours in a particular calendar month, $250 per hour and (b) for any time beyond ten hours in a particular calendar month, $150 per hour. Either party may terminate the consulting agreement upon written notice, except that Mr. Hanson could not terminate the consulting agreement, other than for our failure to pay Mr. Hanson as set forth in the consulting agreement, prior to December 31, 2008. The Company does not expect to require Mr. Hanson’s consulting services during 2009.

 

Employment and Separation Arrangements with Dr. Robbins

 

Under the terms of an offer letter, dated March 5, 2003, we agreed to pay Dr. Robbins a bonus, payable in stock options, equal to 5% of all government grants received by us. In addition, we agreed to pay Dr. Robbins a bonus, payable in stock options, equal to 5% of capital received by us that was a direct result of Dr. Robbins’ introduction. We never issued any stock options to Dr. Robbins as a result of these provisions. In October 2008, Dr. Robbins employment relationship with us ended. Dr. Robbins formerly served as our chief scientific officer and a senior vice president. In December 2008, we entered into a confidential separation agreement and general release of all claims regarding terms of separation with Dr. Robbins, or the Robbins Separation Agreement.

 

As set forth in the Robbins Separation Agreement, in exchange for a release of claims and Dr. Robbins’ agreement to provide certain transition assistance and Dr. Robbins’ other agreements and representations (as more fully described below), we agreed to provide a severance payment of $123,615 to Dr. Robbins. In addition, we agreed to provide a health benefit allowance of $8,309, which Dr. Robbins may use, at her discretion, to pay the premiums required to continue her group health care coverage under COBRA or any other health care related expenses. We agreed to pay the severance payment and the health benefit allowance in eleven substantially equal installments over a period of five and one-half months, less applicable payroll deductions and required withholdings, beginning in December 2008, conditioned upon Dr. Robbins’ making herself available as needed during that period to answer business-related questions by telephone or in person as deemed reasonably necessary by us. At the time of her separation, Dr. Robbins held vested options to purchase up to 495,312 shares. Pursuant to their terms,

these options expired, unexercised, on December 30, 2008 and January 12, 2009. The closing market price of our common stock on December 30, 2008 was $0.07 per share, while the exercise price of the option that expired on December 30, 2008 was $0.50 per share. The closing market price of our common stock on January 12, 2009 was $0.12 per share, while the exercise prices of the options that expired on January 12, 2009 were $2.30 per share, $2.75 per share and $4.75 per share.

 

Under the Robbins Separation Agreement, Dr. Robbins represented that she had returned to us all property, data and information belonging to us and agreed not to use or disclose to others any confidential or proprietary information of ours and agreed to comply with her continuing obligations under various agreements and other documents as previously executed by her. In addition, she agreed to make herself available, as needed, without any additional compensation, to answer business-related questions by telephone or in person as deemed reasonably necessary by us and that she will not make any voluntary statements, written or oral, or cause or encourage others to make any such statements, that defame, disparage or in any way criticize the personal and/or business reputation, practices or conduct of us or our employees, officers and directors, among others. Dr. Robbins also represented that she had not filed any lawsuits, complaints or other accusatory pleadings against us and certified that all transactions in our securities prior to her separation date and reportable under Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 had been reported on Form 4 and agreed to execute and deliver promptly after December 31, 2008 a document certifying that she is not required to file a Form 5 for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008.

 

Acceleration of Vesting of Outstanding Stock Options

 

Stock options granted under our 2005 Equity Incentive Plan typically are evidenced by our standard stock option agreement. We may elect to incorporate into our standard stock option agreement one or more alternatives regarding the effect of a change in control on the underlying option, including its vesting and exercisability. We have not granted any stock options to any of the Named Executive Officers currently employed by us under our 2008 Omnibus Incentive Plan, other than the July 2009 stock options described above under “Narrative Disclosure to Summary Compensation Table.”

 

We generally provide in stock option agreements (actually entered into with recipients of stock option awards) that the option will accelerate in full in the event of an “acquisition” constituting a “change of control” (as such terms are defined in our standard form of stock option agreement) if the recipient remains employed by us as of the closing date of such acquisition and the option is not assumed or replaced by the successor or acquiring entity or the entity in control of such successor or acquiring entity. Otherwise, the option will not accelerate in the event of such an acquisition. All of the stock option agreements governing the outstanding, unvested options held by the Named Executive Officers currently employed by us contain this acceleration provision.

 

In addition, we have incorporated into certain stock option agreements for options granted in and after August 2006 a provision providing that, if following a change of control in which an option is assumed as described above, in the event of the recipient’s “involuntary termination” within a period of time, not to exceed 24 months, after the closing date of such change of control, the vesting of the assumed option will be accelerated such that the option will vest as of the effective date of such involuntary termination with respect to all shares that would have vested during such period. For purposes of the stock option agreements, an “involuntary termination” is a termination of employment that occurs by reason of dismissal for any reason other than “misconduct” or of voluntary resignation following: (i) a change in position that materially reduces the level of the employee’s responsibility, (ii) a material reduction in the employee’s base salary, or (iii) relocation by more than 50 miles; provided that (ii) and (iii) will apply only if the employee has not consented to the change or relocation.

 

“Misconduct” means the commission of any act of fraud, embezzlement or dishonesty by the employee, any unauthorized use or disclosure by the employee of confidential information or trade secrets of our company (or any parent or subsidiary), or any other intentional misconduct by the employee adversely affecting our business affairs (or those of any parent or subsidiary) in a material manner. All of the stock option agreements governing the options granted to the Named Executive Officers in January 2007 contain this double trigger acceleration provision. We anticipate continuing to include this or a similar double trigger acceleration provision in most stock option awards made in the future.

 

As of December 31, 2008, none of the Named Executive Officers had any in-the-money unvested stock options. The value at December 31, 2008 of the acceleration provisions described above is based on the “spread” between the exercise price of option shares that would accelerate under the acceleration scenarios described above

and the market value of these shares as of December 31, 2008. The market value of these shares is based on the closing market price of our common stock on December 31, 2008, which was $0.08 per share. None of the outstanding, unvested options held by the Named Executive Officers has an exercise price of less than $0.08 per share. Accordingly, none of the Named Executive Officers would have realized any value as a result of the acceleration provisions described above had any of the acceleration scenarios occurred on December 31, 2008.

 

Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End 2008

 

The following table sets forth information regarding outstanding equity awards held by the Named Executive Officers at the end of fiscal 2008: